Verbal and nonverbal linguistic means of expressing emotiveness in English

Life in society has formed the need for communication. Verbal and nonverbal communication occurs constantly between people. Information is conveyed not only through words or special signs - letters, but also through changes in posture, expressiveness of gaze, facial expressions or gestures. Let's compare these types of communication.

Definition of the concept

What do we mean by the term "communication"? If we talk about this concept in simple language, it means communication in its various manifestations. And if this had not happened, it is impossible to imagine how a person would live.

The word “communication” comes to us from the Latin language. In it, communication means “transfer” or “message”. That is, communication in a general sense is understood as the exchange of information that occurs between interlocutors. It is also the transmission of a message from one person to another.

Types and forms of communication are very different, speech and non-speech. People, even without speaking, are able to communicate with each other using symbols, facial expressions or gestures. There is also written communication.

It becomes clear that if the transfer of information between several participants in a conversation turns out to be ineffective for some reason, then people will never be able to reach an agreement among themselves. In other words, various types of communications are the basis for the existence and activities of any organization.

Nonverbal communication - difficulties in translation

Verbal communication is communication through the utterance of words. It is believed that non-verbal communication through gestures, facial expressions and recognition of their meaning provides more information than verbal communication. Without knowing a foreign language, we are able to point the right direction to a foreigner on the street or, albeit vaguely, to grasp the essence of a movie in an unfamiliar language, assessing the motor skills of the actors.

The problem with nonverbal communication is that, despite general intuitive clarity, details elude the interlocutors. Gestures can show “I’m hungry” or “I need to go there”, you can express vivid emotions - anger, sadness, joy, but facial expressions will not help you explain to your partners during business negotiations on what terms you are ready to organize the supply of equipment, which machines are not allowed send by sea, and what is the maximum discount that will follow when purchasing products in bulk.

Speech as a means of communication

Functions of communication in psychology and their brief description

For most people, the most understandable speech is verbal conversation, which has certain types:

• Inner speech. Speech for yourself or about yourself, i.e. usually has the character of mental reasoning. It happens that a person talks to himself when no one hears him; this can also be attributed to internal speech. Its essence is that other people do not hear such appeals to themselves.
• External speech. She's oral. Words are perceived by ear by a person who is participating in the conversation, but is not currently conducting it.

Speech is the most used method of communication

• Dialogical speech, or colloquial speech. The most commonly used method of communication with elements of dialect and jargon characteristic of a certain area, representatives of certain types of activity or profession.
• Monologue speech. Speech by one person addressed to an interlocutor or a group of people. The point is that the monologue is prolonged in nature without the possibility of interrupting the speech. Usually they prepare for a monologue in advance. Examples are teachers, announcers, people giving a presentation.
• Written speech. In addition to modern real-time communication through chats and SMS, written language is a way of communicating with representatives of past and future generations.

How to improve a skill

It would seem, what’s so complicated here? Tell it like it is, and everything will be fine. In fact, not all people can boast of the ability to clearly formulate their thoughts, express themselves clearly, and avoid ambiguity and excessive verbosity.

For verbal communication to perform its function well, it can be improved, like any other skill. To do this, try to carefully monitor the following points:

• Listen carefully, do not hesitate to ask whether you understood your opponent correctly, and explain how you perceived his words - often problems with communication occur precisely because of misunderstanding.
• Learn to formulate your thoughts clearly, concisely, without unnecessary words: if you yourself forget where you started, how can your interlocutor understand you?

As an exercise, mentally formulate the idea you want to talk about, and then outline it on paper as a speech outline. After several repetitions, you will understand how much unnecessary stuff we sometimes try to cram inappropriately into our descriptions, and colleagues or relatives lose the thread of reasoning already in the middle of a conversation, getting lost in unnecessary details.

The need for information transfer

Through interaction with each other, people try to provide themselves with a more convenient and easier life. For example, a person can ask someone else for something, complain about a particular situation, and also receive useful information for themselves.

Using various types of communications, people exchange the facts at their disposal. Social and mass, marketing and non-verbal, business and many other types of communication have a similar direction.

During a conversation, people can take different positions in relation to their interlocutor. That is why the characteristics of the type of communication will depend on what roles a person chooses for himself. Thus, a dictator cannot help but treat everyone condescendingly. His statements are characterized by a commanding tone, uncompromising decisions and issued orders. As for his interlocutor, to create an ideal match, he must be pliable, submissive, quiet and amenable to influence. If people change their positions or do not strive to play the role assigned to them, then disputes will certainly arise during the conversation.

Using various types of communications, people adapt to each other in communication. Thus, the same person speaks with some interlocutors in a commanding voice, with others he is friendly, and with others he prefers to be completely silent. The whole point is precisely what he is like, this second person. In the same case, if someone communicates with all people in the same way, then the interlocutors will adapt to him.

In addition to these, there are many more types of social communication. All of them will depend on the character and habits, desires and goals, skills and position of a person in society, as well as fears, complexes and other aspects that each interlocutor has.

The need for communication

Society was formed precisely thanks to the mutual understanding of the members of the primitive pack, because only with the help of communication could people interact, cooperate and find common solutions to complex problems that evolution organized for them.

From the point of view of nature, the human body is a weak structure, not adapted either to competition with predators for a piece of meat, or to survival in difficult weather conditions. We have no claws, no strong jaws or sharp fangs; in cold weather we freeze without clothes, since we do not have a thick undercoat.

Group action is only possible if members of the pack can agree on interaction, and for this, humanity was forced to invent language and master verbal communication.

Zones of oral verbal communication

How many people have noticed how uncomfortable you feel when a person comes too close to you during interpersonal communication? And how surprising is it when another person, on the contrary, moves away, keeping a distance of two meters? Although this can be attributed specifically to non-verbal manifestations, during oral conversation it is worth knowing these rules of maintaining distance, so as not to be considered strange or not to force a person into an awkward position.

So, the intimate zone is a distance of up to 25 centimeters. It is often violated on public transport, but there are good reasons for this. If you get too close to someone you don't know, don't be surprised if they pull away. We allow only the most trusted people into this area, and the intrusion of strangers causes, at a minimum, discomfort.

Communication difference

People constantly exchange information with each other. A similar process is communication, which is divided into various types, that is, methods used by people when interacting with each other. A similar transfer of facts occurs at the level of exchange of attitudes and feelings, ideas and opinions, views and ideas using non-verbal and verbal ways.

Types of communication include:

• Organizational, including external and internal, informal and formal, as well as horizontal.
• Interpersonal, which are suggestive and persuasive, cognitive and expressive, as well as ritual.

All these types of communications differ from each other in what information people exchange, what goals they pursue, and what roles they choose.

In modern society, becoming a good conversationalist is very difficult. After all, every person has his own worldview and opinion. They set their own rules of life and express expectations that are different from others. This is why we so often have to deal with views that do not coincide with those observed among the people around us. Also, sometimes you have to overcome the aggression of your interlocutor, which he expresses in defense of his opinion.

Nonverbal means associated with speech

Verbal means of communication include speech, language, and words. Language, as a way for people to communicate and transmit information, appeared a very long time ago. It is a communication tool. A word in a language is a symbolic symbol that can have several meanings at the same time. Verbal communication cannot do without speech, which can be oral and written, internal and external, and so on.

Speech helps a person encode certain information and transmit it to the interlocutor. It is through it that the informant influences his interlocutor, instilling in him his point of view. While the interlocutor can perceive it in his own way. This is where the basic functions and verbal means of communication begin to work.

The main means of communication without words are gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, eye contact systems, as well as a certain intonation and tone of voice. The main means of nonverbal communication also include human postures. For those who know how to interpret them, postures can say a lot about a person’s emotional state.

The following means of verbal communication help with this:

1. Intonation plays an important role in the communication process and helps to show your position regarding the current situation. For a more comfortable conversation, it should be smooth and calm. In this case, all information is easier to understand and perceive by the listener.
2. Voice quality is another important aspect. Of course, everyone has their own timbre and voice. But his training and ability to possess him plays to his advantage. After all, quite often there are people with very loud or quiet voices by nature. This makes conversations uncomfortable because others have to listen or feel uncomfortable because of the noise. Insecure individuals most often speak almost in a whisper, quickly and swallowing the ending. Ambitious and purposeful – they pronounce phrases clearly, loudly and clearly.
3. Rate of speech is another means that can tell a lot about a person’s feelings in a given situation. The type of temperament also plays a significant role. Melancholic and phlegmatic people, unlike sanguine and choleric people, are slow in conversation.
4. Logical and phrasal stress allow each person to highlight the most important details in his story. Our perception of the information we hear depends on the correct emphasis in words.

Communication barriers

• Phonetic barrier. It is due to the peculiarities of speech. It can be complete or incomplete. Incomplete misunderstanding occurs when a person slurs his words, has a lisp, or speaks very quickly. There can be a complete misunderstanding, for example, when conveying information in a foreign language. A phonetic barrier also occurs with a sharp increase in tone, since this blocks the understanding of what is being said, and attention is transferred to the attitude of the speaker. The phonetic barrier can be overcome by proper pause placement and moderately calm speech.
• Semantic barrier. It occurs when the interlocutor does not understand the meaning of what was said. This is due, for example, to the use of slang words by representatives of various subcultures. To overcome this barrier, it is necessary to abandon the use of speech forms used purely in your subculture.
• Stylistic barrier. This is a discrepancy between the style of data transmission and its content. For example, presenting a recipe in an artistic style.
• A logical barrier occurs in people with different types of thinking. For example, one interlocutor has abstract-logical, the other visual-figurative. You can explain the road in completely different ways. For a person with abstract logical thinking, it will look like this: “walk straight 200 meters to the pedestrian crossing sign, after it turn left and walk forward all the way until you meet a yellow sign.” For a person with visual-figurative thinking, the following explanation will be typical: “Go there (points forward with his hand) until you see a crowd of people, its direction will show you the further path.” It is necessary to learn to adapt to the type of thinking of the recipient of information.

Main types of communication

With the most general division of ways of transmitting information from person to person, they are divided into verbal and non-verbal. These types of communications use different sign systems. That is why it is so difficult to describe the process of information transmission itself, which characterizes the variety of signals used.

There are three types of intercultural communication. These include verbal, nonverbal, and paraverbal. How are they different from each other?

By verbal communication we mean the transfer of information in words. This is a process in which one person speaks and the other listens. As for non-verbal communication, it occurs due to the existence of a system of signs called “opticokinetic”. In this case, pantomime, facial expressions and various gestures would be appropriate.

If we analyze the main types of communication, non-verbal communication processes differ in that when they are carried out, different tone and intonation are appropriate, and there is also eye contact between the interlocutors. This method of communication makes it possible to externally express a person’s inner world, and also indicates his level of personal development.

In paraverbal communication, sound signals are simultaneously used to accompany a person’s speech and add some additional meaning to it. In this case, the meaning of what is said changes based on the intonation of the speaker, the timbre and rhythm of his voice, as well as on logical and phrasal stress.

Human facial expressions

Verbal or speech communication is considered to be an exclusively human form of communication.
Its main means are words that have their own meaning and are endowed with meaning, as well as messages consisting of words - texts or sentences. Of course, animals also exchange information in audio form. However, such communication, no matter how diverse it may be, is not speech, and the sounds made by animals do not indicate objects or actions, but only convey a state, primarily emotional.

Speech and language are very close concepts, but not identical, although most people find it difficult to say what the difference is between speech and language. And here everything is very simple. Speech is the process of transmitting information, and language is the means by which this process is carried out.

Well-known psychologists have determined that a person makes two types of contacts in his life:

1. With nature.
2. With people.

These contacts are called communication. There are many definitions for this concept. Communication is called:

• a special form of interaction between people and their interpersonal relationships;
• a friendly or business relationship between a person and another person;
• interaction of a group of people (starting from 2 people) for the exchange of information, knowledge of the surrounding world, which can be of an affective-evaluative nature;
• process of conversation, conversation, dialogue;
• mental contact between people, which manifests itself through a sense of community, performing joint actions, and exchanging information.

Human facial expressions are also a way of informing. When the face is immobile, 10-15% of all information is lost. If a person is deceiving or hiding something, then his eyes meet the eyes of the interlocutor less than a third of the time of the entire conversation. The left side of a person's face is more likely to show emotions. Accurate messages about a person's condition are conveyed through the eyes or the curvature of the lips.

Which method of communication is more important?

It is impossible to answer this question unambiguously, since in business communication the verbal method undoubtedly prevails, and in interpersonal communication, rather, the non-verbal one.

Let's imagine a situation where a person reading a report, instead of the expected and necessary dry facts, begins to gesticulate, click his lips, wink, jump, and so on. This will certainly amuse the dormant public, but may be received ambiguously. The business style of communication involves maximally pronouncing the information that needs to be conveyed to the interlocutor. But even in a dry report there are many non-verbal components.

In a conversation with people with whom you have a close emotional connection, pronouncing some points may look more ridiculous than replacing them with more understandable gestures. For example, when we call a person to come with us, it is enough to nod our head towards the exit; A sharp nod up and down with wide eyes will indicate a questioning look, which can be answered with a nod (which means “yes”), a shake of the head left and right (which means “no”), or a shrug, which means “I don’t.” I know".

Verbal communications

People use this type of communication almost every minute of their active life. After all, each of us constantly exchanges information with friends and colleagues, teaches someone, listens to someone’s thoughts, etc. Such listening, as well as speaking, is understood as verbal communication.

The means of this type of communication are word, speech and language. The last of them has been a means of transmitting information since ancient times. Language is one of the most basic tools of various types of communication. Words in this case are iconic symbols that simultaneously have several meanings.

Also, verbal communication is impossible without various forms of speech. Namely oral and written, external, internal, etc. With the help of speech, a person encodes certain information. Only after this should it be transferred to the interlocutor.

Types of speech communication include oral and written forms of communication between people. In addition, depending on one or another development of events, the transmission of information may have signs of a monologue or dialogue. Most often in everyday life we ​​encounter the second of these types of verbal communication. In this case, the dialogue can take different forms. So, it happens:

• factual, when the exchange of information with the interlocutor is intended only to support the conversation and does not involve listening to the answer;
• informational, which is an active process of discussing a topic;
• confessional, which is a confidential type of dialogue that serves to express deep experiences and feelings.
• debatable, which arises when contradictions arise in points of view.

Not as often as with dialogues, we can encounter monologues in everyday life. They usually take place when delivering a report or lecture.

The main types of verbal communications, in addition to speech, also include conversation. What is it? It is the exchange of knowledge, thoughts and opinions using sound symbols. This process involves two or more people whose communication takes place in a relaxed atmosphere. Only in certain cases is this type of communication used. Both the types of information, the coverage of the problem, and the explanation of any issue in this case are presented in an informal setting. A slightly different direction is typical for an interview. It also refers to verbal types of communication, and its functions are to convey information concerning social, scientific or professional issues.

Communication between people can also occur through dispute. This type of verbal communication is a debate on socially important as well as scientific topics. Rigid boundaries of dispute limit communication between people.

In verbal communications, discussion is also distinguished. It, like a dispute, refers to a public form of information transfer, but at the same time a specific result is important for it. During the discussion, various opinions on the issue raised are discussed and people present their positions and points of view. The result of such communication should be a solution to the problem posed.

Another type of verbal transmission of information is an argument. It represents a confrontation of opinions expressed in a verbal struggle between people, each of whom defends his point of view.

How does communication differ from the concept of communication?

Communication covers all aspects of human contacts. These include contacts with nature, with neighbors, and at work. Communication is subject to certain requirements and rules. This concept presupposes specific goals for communication that at least one of the parties to the communication process has. Verbal communication (speech is its main means) is subject to strict rules, depending on its type.

The communicator (a person who takes an active part in the communication process) has specific tasks that are designed to influence the other participant in the conversation. This process is more appropriate in business communication. That is why there is the concept of “verbal business communication,” which is applicable only in official communication and involves verbal exchange of information.

Language and speech

In the scientific literature related to types of verbal means of communication, “language” and “speech” are used interchangeably. However, there is a concept of “verbal communication” developed by the famous social psychologist A. Leontiev. In it, communication is primarily an activity carried out through speech. And the word “language” refers to a certain system and structure. Speech can be called an external manifestation of language, a sequence of its units; it is organized and structured according to its laws. Speech can easily be assessed according to various parameters, it can be good or bad, clear or slurred, emotional or inexpressive, which does not correspond to the term “language”.

The following types of speech activity are distinguished:

• speaking;
• writing;
• hearing;
• reading.

The first two are necessary for the production of the text, and the second - for its perception.

Nonverbal Communication

This type of information transfer is communication without words. In this case, it becomes important how a person holds his back during a conversation, what his views, postures, facial expressions and gestures are, as well as at what distance he is located from his interlocutor.

In nonverbal communication, several zones are distinguished:

1. Public. In this case, the distance to the informant is 400 cm or more. These types of communication are affected by the communication processes that occur during rallies or when giving lectures in classrooms.
2. Social. In this case, the distance between the interlocutors is 120-400 cm. This happens during official meetings with those people who are unfamiliar to us.
3. Personal. The distance between people in this case ranges from 46 to 120 cm. It is maintained during conversations with colleagues or friends, when there is also visual contact.
4. Intimate. A distance of 15 to 45 cm occurs when communicating between close people. In this case, they can speak quietly, with complete trust in each other.

The list of main types of non-verbal communication includes sign language. These are movements that convey a person’s emotional mood. There are a huge number of such socially developed movements. In this regard, there is a classification of them, dividing gestures according to the internal state of the interlocutor, as well as the purpose of transmitting the message.

So, in the process of communication a person can make the following movements:

• illustrators who complement his information;
• regulators indicating attitude to the conversation;
• emblems that are generally accepted symbols;
• affectors that convey emotions.

There are also gestures of confidence and evaluation, self-control and uncertainty, insincerity and dominance, affection and denial, courtship, etc.

One of the ways of communication is human facial expressions. If the interlocutor's face is motionless, then it loses from 10 to 15% of information. Accurate messages about a person's condition are given by his lips and eyes. For example, the dilation or constriction of the pupils is beyond control. Such changes will clearly indicate emotions of fear, sympathy, etc.

Flexibility of speech

Gestures are usually called socially practiced movements that can convey a person’s emotional state. There are a very large number of gestures, and they are all classified according to the purpose of transmitting information by a person and his internal state. Gestures are:

• illustrators (complement the message);
• regulators (the person’s attitude is visible);
• emblems (common symbols);
• affectors (transmission of emotions);
• assessments;
• confidence;
• uncertainty;
• self-control;
• expectations;
• denial;
• location;
• dominance;
• insincerity;
• courtship.

By how a person behaves during a conversation, one can determine his internal state, how interested he is in the exchange of information, and whether there is sincerity.

Speech is a verbal means of communication. Speech is a way of communicating using various language constructs, built according to the rules of the language used and with the help of tools in the form of words. Speech appeared gradually with the evolution of our distant ancestors - ancient people, when only onomatopoeia and meager gestures were used for clear coordination of the tribe’s actions was no longer enough.

Over time, language as a verbal means of human communication becomes increasingly complex due to the need to describe a huge number of emerging events and concepts. Ancient languages ​​did not have the same syntax as modern ones: we use polynomials and complex constructions to express and describe huge amounts of diverse data.

It’s not for nothing that one of the first questions a mother is asked about her child is: “How many months old was he when he started talking?” The first words are an important milestone, because the inability to speak for a certain period is one of the reasons to consult a doctor to find out if there are delays in the child’s development, since speech is one of the main indicators of proper brain function.

Of course, you can do without talking even in business negotiations - we also have written speech, that is, a way to describe events and phenomena using letters without using the speech apparatus.

But written speech has a number of significant disadvantages:

1. Saying a text is much easier and faster than writing it down on paper, and the time spent on writing, and that’s not all, the interlocutor needs to spend a few minutes reading the text and understanding it. In this case, negotiations may drag on unacceptably.
2. The written text has no emotional connotation. This is a big plus for official documents or a contract, but when discussing a movie, declaring love or clarifying the relationship between spouses, you cannot do without emotions, and emoticons can only partially save the situation - they still cannot replace live facial expressions.
3. Not all languages ​​allow you to fully express what is happening on paper - although in the Japanese language there is a huge number of onomatopoeias, with which you can describe any sound, from the rustling of rice in a jar to the creaking of a wet sole. There are no analogues in Russian or English, and transferring information to paper often significantly impoverishes the descriptions of significant events.

One of the important characteristics of verbal communication is the flexibility of speech, which varies from person to person and depends on the character and conditions in which he grew up and was brought up. Someone has a rich vocabulary, replete with adjectives, knows how to express his thoughts vividly, interestingly and effectively .

It cannot be said that the second is bad and the first is good, since this is just a way of communication and a toolkit, and often the same thought can be expressed either flowery and verbose, or simply, without decoration.

But the fact remains: in a society based on interaction, built on constant communication between people, people with good speaking skills are usually favored.

Development of means of communication

Even before birth, children communicate with their parents by touching (pushing), just as mothers sing songs to the child and stroke the tummy. After birth, the child needs emotional contact; he develops organs for communication (emphasis on hearing, touch, even smells).

There is an olfactory method - communication with smells. It is characteristic of animals that mark territory. Other animals sense this smell and recognize a considerable amount of information in it: species, gender, status (for example, leader) and much more.

Soon the child begins to imitate the sounds that his parents teach him (parodying TV and even pets). Then children move on to a playful way of communicating, exploring the world. Reaching school age, a child intensively develops intellectually and learns different ways of communication and relationships.

Children learn to communicate by copying adults

Paraverbal communications

The meaning of the speech spoken by a person can change depending on the intonation with which he pronounced this or that phrase, as well as the timbre of the voice used to convey sound symbols. Based on this, the interlocutor’s emotions, his confidence or uncertainty, etc. become clear. Such means are classified as paraverbal. They include in their list a set of those sound signals that accompany oral speech and allow us to see additional meanings in it.

An example of paraverbal communications is the utterance of a phrase with a questioning intonation, with sarcasm, with humor, with disgust, etc. That is, in this case, information is transmitted from person to person thanks to vocal tones, which are given a certain meaning in the languages ​​of various nations. With such speech, any spoken word will never become neutral. Moreover, how a person says sometimes becomes more significant than what he says.

What makes paraverbal communications work? This type of information transfer uses the mechanism of human associations. It is thanks to him that our intellect restores facts obtained in the past, comparing them with those that exist at the present time. The effect of a phrase uttered during paraverbal communication is achieved due to the creation by the speaker of a common information field of interaction. The latter allows the interlocutor to understand his partner. At the same time, such communication achieves the greatest effect using the following means:

1. Speech speed. When speaking in a manner that is lively and lively, while maintaining a fast pace of pronunciation of phrases, one can talk about the impulsive nature of the interlocutor and his confidence in his own abilities. Conversely, a slow and calm manner of speech will indicate prudence, equanimity and thoroughness of the speaker. If there are noticeable fluctuations in the speed of the text, we can talk about slight excitability, uncertainty and imbalance of the person.
2. Volume. Well-heard speech can indicate the sincere motives of the interlocutor or his complacency and arrogance. Quiet speech indicates modesty, tact and restraint, or a lack of vitality. Significant changes in the volume of spoken phrases indicate excitement and emotionality of the interlocutor. Based on data from communicative practice, increased emotionality of speech sometimes leads to a lack of logic in it.
3. Articulation. With clear and precise pronunciation of words, we can talk about the internal discipline of a person. If the speech is vague and unclear, then most likely the interlocutor is compliant and has a sluggish will.
4. Voice pitch. Very often, falsetto is characteristic of the person whose speech and thinking are most based on the intellect. A chesty voice is a sign of increased emotionality. If a person pronounces phrases shrilly, this indicates his excitement and fear.
5. Speech mode. With the rhythmic repetition of spoken phrases, we can talk about the good mood of the interlocutor, his balance and richness of feelings. With an angular, abrupt manner of speech, a person expresses his anxiety.

All of the above means of paraverbal communication are designed to evoke certain emotions in the partner, as well as feelings of experience, which leads to the achievement of certain intentions. Similar results can also be achieved using pauses and coughs, laughter and sighs, crying and other means of communication that use the voice.

Verbalization in personal communication

People do not have telepathic abilities, but, unfortunately, sometimes we forget about it. How often do women complain that their husband does not understand them, gives them the wrong gift, calls back too rarely, and at the same time a man can complain to friends that his wife is silent, but expects miracles of insight from him, does not hint about what gift he dreams of, distracts him with frequent calls , interfering with work.

What seems obvious to us is not always clear from the outside, so one of the main rules of communication is “verbalize.” Without speaking our thoughts, there is no guarantee that our gestures, vague hints and facial expressions will be perceived correctly.

Only the word makes it possible to clearly understand the message of the interlocutor, and situations when people guess from hints and get to the point are extremely rare, while in the event of a mistake, both are disappointed.

Verbal means of communication cannot be neglected even with the closest people. Resentments can accumulate for years, but sooner or later they will result in a serious scandal, and it may happen that while one of the spouses thought that everything was fine, the other was sure that things were heading towards divorce. And if they had talked in time, misunderstandings would have been eliminated.

Marketing communications

This concept means the process during which the target audience receives information about the product produced by the company and its properties. It is not easy to talk about the types of marketing communications as such. Most likely, these include the strategy chosen by the company for the purpose of presenting its product, as well as services, and their speedy implementation.

The main task of marketers in this case is to compile an accessible and attractive story about their company. In this presentation, they must indicate the product to be sold. The main objective of marketing communication is to provide correct information to the potential customer base about the product being offered, as well as how to sell it.

The main types of marketing communications include:

1. Straight. It involves direct communication between sellers and buyers, encouraging them to make a purchase during the dialogue. What will the final result depend on? In most cases, it directly depends on the desire and skills of the seller himself, as well as on his ability to interest customers in the product offered. The advantage of direct marketing communications is the ability to change the communication style of the seller, adapting to the buyer.
2. With the help of intermediaries. This type of marketing communications makes it possible to communicate with as wide a range of people as possible. The disadvantage of this transfer of information is the inability to adapt to the buyer.

They are also used in marketing types to attract buyers. Among them:

1. Brand. Such a tool for attracting customers is a certain image of a company or brand. The brand is designed to evoke positive emotions among customers. They understand that products under this brand are only of high quality. In this case, marketers place the main emphasis on the constant cooperation of sellers and buyers, even if they did not have to see each other in person.
2. Advertising. It is also a form of marketing communications. Advertising serves to promote the company's product and is paid for by it. In this case, information is disseminated via radio, media, print media and television.
3. Sales promotion. This means of communication refers to various types of marketing, which for some time increase the activity of buyers, the work of distributors and staff.
4. Public relations. This means of communication is designed to create a positive image of the company's product in people's minds.
5. Special means. Their main purpose is to deliver a marketing message to points of direct sale. This allows you to stimulate trade and use advertising and design tools that increase the likelihood of a purchase.
6. Package. In addition to its main purpose, it can become an excellent field for placing a communication marketing message.
7. Service maintenance. This is the most important means of strengthening the position of marketing communications. After-sales service maintains the company's authority, which is an incentive to make purchases in the future.

Business communications

Existing types of such communication have a clear structure, content and styles. Which one is applicable depends on the desired results.

Among the types of business communications, verbal and non-verbal are distinguished. In the first of these, information is transmitted through speech. Nonverbal type of communication is based on facial expressions and gestures expressed by the interlocutor.

Among private types of business communications, negotiations stand out. They are conducted between several partners or colleagues. During negotiations, people share their opinions and learn about their opponent's position. The result of such communication is the coming to a common opinion on a particular problem.

Among the types of communications in an organization, business conversation is distinguished. It is a discussion between company employees about a specific topic. Very often, companies consider issues related to improving the company's performance.

Another type of communication in an organization is a business meeting. During it, a specific issue is considered, which is communicated in advance to each of the participants in the conversation. For this purpose, a written form of communication is used.

To resolve a pressing issue, a business discussion is held through the efforts of company employees. In this case, there is no distinction between wrong and right, lower and higher. In this case, all employees express their opinions.

Organizations often use this type of business communication as public speech. It is a monologue with notes of dialogue. In this case, the speaker sets a goal to reveal a certain topic, and his listeners receive the information they need.

Verbal and nonverbal linguistic means of expressing emotiveness in English

Germanic languages ​​| Philological aspect No. 03 (59) March 2020

UDC 81'373.47

Publication date 03/16/2020

Kozma Margarita Petrovna Ph.D. Philol. Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of English Language and Methods of Teaching English, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Russian Federation, Orenburg, [email protected] Chernyshova Elizaveta Aleksandrovna Student of the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Russian Federation, Orenburg, [email protected]

Abstract: The article is devoted to human emotions and the mechanisms of their linguistic support. As a research task, the authors determined an attempt to assess which verbal and non-verbal linguistic means convey the expressiveness of the speaker’s speech. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the problem of studying and expressing emotions is interdisciplinary in nature. It is noted that research in the field of expression of emotions opens up prospects for further identification of the ethnocultural specificity of the expression of emotions in various languages ​​and cultures, and also contributes to the development of an important interdisciplinary area of ​​modern linguistics. It is emphasized that language has a whole arsenal of lexical, grammatical and graphic means to reflect the emotional state of an individual, which seems to be a prospect for further research. The research materials included English language textbooks, dictionaries, and literary texts. Key words: means of expressing emotions, verbal, non-verbal, interjections, phraseological units, inversion, meaning

Verbal and non-verbal linguistic means of expressing emotivity in the English language

Kozma Margarita Petrovna Cand. Sci. (Philology), assistant professor of the department of the English language and methods of teaching English, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Russia, Orenburg Chernishova Elizaveta Alexandrovna Student of Foreign languages ​​department, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Russia, Orenburg

Abstract: The article is devoted to human emotions and the mechanisms of their linguistic support. As a research task, the authors made an attempt to evaluate what verbal and non-verbal linguistic means convey the expressiveness of the speaker's speech. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the problem of studying and expressing emotions is an interdisciplinary one. It is noted that the studies in this field open the prospect for the further identification of the ethnocultural specifics of expression of emotions in various languages ​​and cultures, and also contribute to the development of an important interdisciplinary direction of modern linguistics. It is emphasized that the language has a whole arsenal of lexical, grammatical and graphic means to express the emotional state of the individual, which is seen as a prospect for further research. The study material was English textbooks, dictionaries, and texts of fiction. Keywords: means of expressing emotions, verbal, non-verbal, interjection, phraseological units, inversion, meaning

Recently, emotions and the means of their expression have been subjected to the most comprehensive research and are the focus of attention of many scientists. Initially, emotions were the subject of study of separate sciences: psychology, philosophy, linguistics. At the intersection of these sciences, interdisciplinary fields such as anthropological linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, communicative linguistics, and comparative linguistics have emerged, which allow us to take a fresh look at the problem of emotions [1, p. 181].

Emotions are one of the main aspects of human life. Emotions permeate a person’s life, accompany any of his activities, being the most important aspect of existence. Accompanying almost any manifestation of the body’s activity, emotions reflect in the form of experiences the significance of phenomena and situations, states of the body and serve as one of the main mechanisms of internal regulation of mental activity and behavior aimed at satisfying the actual needs of the individual [2, p. 124].

A more characteristic form of experience is a feeling as a combination of a certain set of emotions. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the mechanisms that underlie the combination of emotions and feelings. Emotionality is a process that takes possession of a person’s thoughts and actions, influencing all his activities. The features of emotional speech, like the physiological changes that accompany emotional processes, are equally difficult to control consciously [3, p. 134].

One can talk forever about a person’s emotional state. Of course, the ability to record sensory and emotional disturbances is a very significant weapon, and the ability to understand the feelings of the interlocutor is an impeccable approach to establishing communication. The relationship between language and emotions can be viewed from two perspectives. Firstly, in a broad sense. It is generally assumed that people express their own emotions, and that "emotionality" acquires its own influence by influencing the communicative situation in various ways. Secondly, emotions can be expressed outside of language in terms of suprasegmental and prosodic features, as well as in terms of linguistic (lexical and syntactic) forms. From this point of view, language and emotion are two simultaneously used parallel systems, and their connection exists in the fact that one system (emotion) affects the performance of the other (language) [4, p. 168].

In this article we will analyze the verbal and non-verbal linguistic means of the English language that contribute to the expression of emotionality in literary texts.

Let us consider interjections as one of the main verbal lexical means of expression. Interjections are the only part of speech in the language system, the main function of which is the undifferentiated expression of emotional and emotional-volitional reactions to the surrounding reality. In the speech of heroes of works of art, interjections are used not only at the beginning of sentences, but also at the end, acting as a kind of loudspeaker of emotional speech:

“Oh no” - and this time Mrs. Bains was genuinely shocked by Miss Chewynd. “Nothing would induce Elizabeth to give up the cause of education. Archibald takes the keenest interest in the school. Oh no! Not for worlds! " - "Oh no!" - and this time Mrs. Baines genuinely shocked Miss Chiwind. “Nothing will make Elizabeth give up the cause of education. Archibald shows great interest in school. Oh no! No way!" [3, p. 135].

Typically, interjections do not name, but express emotions and feelings, thereby allowing us to consider this class of words as one of the objective markers of the speaker’s emotional arousal. In this example, we see a double negative, which enhances the heroine’s emotional statement.

Numerous studies show that in emotional speech, pronouns are very often used to express expression. Most of them (demonstrative, reflexive and possessive pronouns) serve as a means of emphatic emphasis. For example, the personal pronoun you helps to enhance the motivating nature of the statement. In addition, this category of pronouns is often used in emotional speech in order to enhance the expressiveness of the statement.

“By god! » The thought exploded inside me with elemental force because it was so tremendous. “You know, if they'd just let you all keep on training together that way, you wouldn't need guns. You could go out and lick all Hitler's got with your bare hands." - "God! "The thought exploded inside me with elemental force because it was so huge. “You know, if they'd just let you two keep training together, you wouldn't need a gun. You could go out and beat Hitler with your bare hands" [3, p. 136].

Another lexical unit, often used in emotional speech as a means of emphatic emphasis, is emphatic do , i.e. excessive use of an auxiliary verb in imperative and affirmative sentences:

He did behave very badly - He really behaved very badly [5].

In this example, the auxiliary verb do acts as a grammatical intensifier. It is no coincidence that when translating into Russian, the use of emphatic do is traditionally conveyed using lexical intensifiers, for example: “really.” Thus, the use of an auxiliary verb generates an expressive form that has a pronounced emotional potential.

Verbal means of expressing emotional states in language and speech can also serve as phraseological units and idiomatic clichés:

- You see that guy over there. — I'm pretty sure he was giving me the eye. -See that guy over there? “I'm pretty sure he was staring at me.”

It was embarrassing the way she was throwing herself at his feet. “It was awkward to watch her throw herself at his feet.

The semantic meaning of phraseological units and idioms allows us to establish what emotions the speaker experiences. The examples use the phraseological phrases to give smb the eye (to stare, stare at someone in admiration) and to throw oneself at smb's feet (to loudly express some of your admiration, love). Consequently, in these statements the above-mentioned phraseological units express the positive emotion of admiration [2, p. 126].

Inversion occurs more often than any other constructions when expressing emotions in text. As you know, the English language is characterized by a strict word order, which is very important for the meaning of a sentence. However, the non-standard arrangement of words in a sentence is a serious marker of the emotionality of the sentence. Let's take a few examples for consideration:

“It would have been better for him, had you not been born” - “It would have been better for him if you had not been born” [4, p. 172].

This sentence directly reveals reproach and criticism. If you put the words of the second conditional part of the sentence in ordinary order, the sentence will not have such an emotional character.

Unconventional word order for the purpose of expressing emotions is found in sentences with the adverb still . According to the rules of English grammar, the adverb still is placed after the verb to be . However, it can also be used before this verb. In this case, an additional emotional connotation is superimposed on the information conveyed by the sentence:

Martha is still in hospital – Martha still is in hospital. (Martha is still in the hospital /Martha is still in the hospital).

Unlike the first sentence, which sounds completely neutral, the second contains an emotional connotation (this could be surprise, concern about this fact). Such a sentence can be translated as follows: Martha is still in the hospital / But Martha is still in the hospital [6, p. 177].

It should be noted that graphic means of expressing emotions are considered the best non-verbal method to show all kinds of mental states. In some cases, prosody is the only tool needed to transform an utterance into an emotional form.

“Everybody thinks so – the most advanced people. And I know” - “That’s what all modern people think. And I know". In this case, “know” is in italics with a specific task. In writing, italics and other methods of transforming font are the only standard methods of conveying sensory states. The tone and emphasis on the word “know” indicates the decisiveness of the speaker [7, p. 62].

Pauses that are marked with a dash or ellipsis can convey a character’s state of uncertainty, hesitation, doubt or nervousness. The remark breaks off under an influx of feelings.

"Why do you ask?" - “Just...” she shrugged. — “That you should use that phrase” [1, p. 197].

In writing, only two types of prosodic means are emphasized - exclamatory intonation and parcellation, because in writing, only these characters are represented by special symbols: dash, exclamation mark.

“Please! I'll do anything. Anything you like! " - "Please! I'll do anything. Anything".

“Speak for yourself!” - “Speak for yourself!”

In these examples, the exclamation point notifies the reader that the writer is experiencing powerful feelings, in the initial case, a feeling brought to despondency, and in the second case, the writer is warning.

Parcellation, as a non-verbal way of representing feelings, is much less common than an exclamatory tone.

“Knock, knock. Louder." - "Knock Knock. Louder." The hero is tense, his anxiety is felt [7, p. 64].

An emotional state is often implied through metaphor. Metaphor can convey fear and fear. This passage talks about how Bertie Wooster, the hero of P.G. Wodehouse's “Jeeves and Wooster” comes to visit his friend, the artist Corky, and hides in a secluded place (“the bombproof shelter”) because the artist’s uncle has arrived. The uncle was willful and was so strict with his nephew that Bertie called the place where he was hiding a bomb shelter.

"You're perfectly right!" he snorted. “I do!” I want to stand so far away from it that I can’t see the thing with a telescope!” He turned on Corky like an untamed tiger of the jungle who has just located a chunk of meat... Then the door closed, and he was no longer with us. And I crawled out of the bombproof shelter [2, p. 128].

The tense atmosphere is aggravated by the uncle’s comparison with a wild tiger, capable of killing everyone in its path: like an untamed tiger of the jungle; lashing his tail and growling to himself.

Non-verbal means of conveying emotiveness include behavioral signs caused by the physiological reactions of the heroes of works - pallor, redness, sweating, trembling with fear, etc. Fear is one of the dominant human emotions, which is often expressed non-verbally in text. When experiencing the emotion of fear, a person often loses volitional control and violently expresses emotional experiences non-verbally. The nonverbal transmission of the emotion “fear” connects psychology and linguistics through emotivity. Thus, the emotion of fear has different intensity of symptoms and different forms.

The most accurate indicators of fear are facial expressions, changes in voice strength, tears, a state of numbness, and impaired coordination and speech. All these manifestations of fear correspond to lexical units that help the nonverbal description of emotions.

A few steps more, and our breaths were literally snatched from us by what we saw; so literally that Thornton actually fainted in the arms of the dazed men who stood behind him. Norrys, his plump face utterly white and flabby , simply cried out inarticulately ; while I think that what I did was to gasp or hiss , and cover my eyes [3].

Thus, emotions, as a mental phenomenon, in most cases accompany a person’s speech and behavior. The texts of works of art are anthropocentric in nature, as they represent a person with his own thoughts, experiences, and emotions. Language, being a systemic-structural formation, represents a rich arsenal of verbal and non-verbal means of expressing emotions at different levels: lexical, syntactic and graphic, which have their own specific implementation features.

The method of quantitative analysis was used to determine the frequency of use of verbal and non-verbal means of expressing emotiveness, found in the works of English and American writers in the amount of 63 units. When analyzing the linguistic material, it was revealed that the main representative of emotiveness are tropes, in particular metaphor, epithet and comparison (32 cases of use). In terms of frequency of use, graphic means of conveying emotiveness are inferior (21 cases of use). Interjections, emphatic do, inversion have a low frequency of use.

Nonverbal language means are quite often used in English to convey emotional states. Human visual behavior is extremely informative. Nonverbal components not only complement verbal acts, but also arise before speech implementations, thereby contributing to the formation of thoughts and emotions. In fiction, the author points to non-verbal means, describing the state of the characters, their movements, facial expressions, gestures, so that the reader can feel and understand their mood.

The study of emotional speech is a topical and little-studied problem in modern linguistics, therefore the description of linguistic means of expressing emotions is of great scientific interest. In general, it can be noted that the problem of studying the expression of emotions in language remains of interest to representatives of various branches of science and is interdisciplinary in nature.

Bibliography

1. Yablokova T. N. Modern approaches to the study of emotions in linguistics (based on the material of the English language) // Philological Sciences. Questions of theory and practice. – 2020. − No. 6-2. – pp. 180-183. 2. Pogozhaya S. N. Ways of expressing emotionality in language (using the example of the emotional state “admiration”) // Scientific bulletins of the Belgorod State University. univ. Series: humanities. – 2010. – No. 18. – P. 124-130. 3. Aldieva M. Sh. Linguistic means of expressing emotions in English // News of the Chechen State. un-ta. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 133-136. 4. Kulikova V.I. Means of expressing emotionality as an element of pragmatic intention in the texts of works of art // Scientific news. – 2020. – No. 12. – P. 166-177. 5. Tsyganchuk E. A. The category of emotiveness and means of its expression in modern English [Electronic resource]: E. A. Tsyganchuk, G. I. Filimonova // bachelor's work / St. Petersburg. Polytechnic University Peter the Great, Humanitarian Institute. − St. Petersburg, 2017. – pp. 20-21. – Access mode: https://elib.spbstu.ru/dl/2/v17-1812.pdf/view 6. Ozyumenko V.I. Grammatical expressions of emotions in English // Bulletin of the Russian University. Friendship between nations. Series: Russian and foreign languages, and methods of teaching them - 2005. - No. 1. - P. 172-180. 7. Soboleva M. S. Ways of expressing emotions in English // Bulletin of Science. – 2020. – No. 8. – P. 61-65. List of sources 1. Fowles J. The Ebony Tower. M.: Progress P., 1980. – 246 p. 1. Wodehouse PG Carry on, Jeeves. – Moscow: Jupiter-Inter, 2004. – 236 p. 2. Lovecraft H. Ph. The Rats in the Walls. URL: https://www.parallango.com/ru/book/1085/0

← Previous articleFeatures of the artistic world of B. Pilnyak’s work “The Story of How Stories were Created”

Next article →Neo-Gothic motifs in modern British literature

Tell your friends about us: