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Psychotherapy is a general term used to describe the process of treating mental disorders and mental suffering. During this process, the therapist helps the client solve specific or general problems, such as recovering from a mental illness or identifying a source of stress. Depending on the approach used by the therapist, a wide range of techniques and strategies may be used. However, in almost all types of psychotherapy, there is a development of the therapeutic relationship, communication, dialogue and the desire to overcome problematic thoughts or behavior.
Psychotherapy is considered a separate profession, but many different professionals are regularly involved in psychotherapy - clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, family therapists, social workers, psychologists, counselors, occupational therapists, etc.
Types of psychotherapy
When people talk about psychotherapy, many people imagine a patient lying on a couch talking to a therapist sitting next to them, writing down thoughts on a yellow pad.
While many psychotherapists use this classic approach to therapy, in reality there is a wide range of methods and techniques used in psychotherapy. The specific method used in each situation may vary depending on various factors, including the therapist's training and knowledge, the client's preferences, and the nature of the client's problem.
Psychotherapy in the fight against alcohol addiction
The main goal of psychotherapeutic influence is to return the individual to internal well-being. It includes many techniques that allow you to:
- cope with aggression, frustration;
- reduce anxiety levels;
- increase your own potential;
- learn self-control;
- develop the activity component of personality - skills, abilities, abilities;
- to form adequate psychological new formations;
- adjust emotions and behavioral habits.
Psychotherapy affects the personality as a whole, and not just its individual aspects. Due to this, the changes occurring in a person’s life are taken for granted. The patient does not have negative emotions and thoughts that they are trying to change him. He calmly reacts to his changes and is happy that the world around him is becoming better.
A Brief History of Psychotherapy
While psychotherapy has been practiced in various forms since the ancient Greeks, it officially began when Sigmund Freud began talking about therapy with patients. Some of the techniques commonly used by Freud are transference, dream analysis, free association.
As behaviorism became more prominent in the early 20th century, techniques such as learning and association began to play an important role in psychotherapy. While behaviorism may not be as dominant as it once was, many of its methods are still very popular today. Behavior therapy often uses classical, operant, and social conditioning to help clients change problem behavior.
Beginning in the 1950s, humanistic psychology began to have a significant influence on psychotherapy. Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers developed an approach known as client-centered therapy, which focuses on the therapist showing unconditional positive regard for the client. Today, this approach remains one of the most widely used models in psychotherapy.
The cognitive approach of the 1960s also had a major influence on the practice of psychotherapy, and psychologists began to pay increasing attention to how internal states influence behavior and functioning. This approach is known as cognitive behavioral therapy, a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence their behavior. Cognitive behavioral therapy is commonly used to treat a wide range of conditions, including phobias, drug addiction, depression and anxiety.
Body-oriented psychotherapy: working with matter
Today, this area of psychotherapy represents a whole bunch of techniques that are often used in combinations. They are suitable for people who are faced with body diagram disorders, neuroses and other manifestations of psychological problems through their physical condition. The basis of any body-oriented psychotherapy is the procedures of bodily contact. The main concept here is the muscular armor or system of muscle “clamps” - dense areas of compression in the muscles that do not relax at rest. Such areas can be observed throughout the body, from the head and face to the pelvis. According to the founder of the technique, Wilhelm Reich, a student of Sigmund Freud, who eventually moved away from psychoanalysis, they are created as a defense against unwanted worry, anxiety, fear, tears, anger, screaming, rage, passion and excitement.
In order to work out the “clamps”, a variety of methods are used: massage, exercises, breathing practices and thanatotherapy - a practice based on maximum muscle relaxation. However, any body-oriented psychotherapy is aimed at “uncluttering” suppressed feelings, body awareness and emotional response. It allows you to bring back onto the stage problems and traumas that were previously repressed into the unconscious and work through them. However, such psychotherapy often allows not so much to analyze the trauma, but to restore connection with it and free yourself from feelings that have been suppressed for years. Because of this, experts recommend alternating sessions of body-oriented and analytical psychotherapy. Otherwise - without awareness and the psychological changes associated with it - the results of the work done may be short-term.
Icons: 1) AM Briganti, 2), 3), 4), 6), 8) Luis Prado, 7) jon trillana.
Problems in psychotherapy
There are a number of questions or concerns for both therapists and clients. When choosing a therapist, clients need to consider whether they will feel comfortable disclosing personal information. They should also evaluate the therapist's qualifications as well as years of experience.
People who practice psychotherapy may have several different specialties. Some titles, such as “psychologist” or “psychiatrist,” are protected titles and have specific educational and licensing requirements. Specialists qualified enough to perform psychotherapy are psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists.
When providing services to clients, psychotherapists must consider issues such as informed consent, patient confidentiality, and the possibility of breaches of confidentiality. Informed consent involves informing the client of all potential risks and costs associated with treatment. And includes an explanation of the nature of the treatment, possible risks and possible alternatives.
Because clients often discuss matters that are highly personal and confidential, psychotherapists have a legal obligation to protect patient confidentiality. However, there is a case where psychotherapists have the right to breach confidentiality if the client poses an immediate threat to either themselves or others. Counselors and therapists have the right to break confidentiality if a client poses a danger to another person.
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud Joseph Breuer's student, the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud
, faced with patients who were resistant to hypnosis, modified this technique, abandoning hypnosis altogether, retaining only the couch.
See How Hypnosis Works
.
If Breuer gave his patients the opportunity to speak in a state of hypnotic trance, Freud gave his patients the opportunity to speak while awake. See Prisoners of Conscience
.
Thus psychoanalysis was born.
His main idea is that the patient, through the process of free association (saying whatever comes to mind), will give the psychoanalyst a clue to his neurosis.
Having understood this, the psychoanalyst will communicate his ideas to the patient (make interpretations), and the patient, having understood the causes of his symptoms, will be freed from them. To shape interpretations, Freud gradually created a complex psychological theory, which he called metapsychology
.
::
This is how two opposing types of psychotherapy emerged: behavioral
and
psychoanalysis
- their difference is that the first studies only
behavior
, and the second tries
to understand a person
.
In the first half of the 20th century, psychoanalysis entered a serious crisis. This was due to a number of technical requirements for conducting psychoanalysis developed by Freud.
The principle of abstinence in psychoanalysis
Freud had an idea that the psychoanalyst should not satisfy the patient's wishes. According to Freud, the satisfaction of desires leads to the disappearance of symptoms - and the task of the psychoanalyst, in accordance with this concept, is to frustrate
patient (inhibit the gratification of desires) so that the symptoms become aggravated and can be analyzed.
In accordance with this theory, Sandor Ferenczi, a student of Freud, recommended sexual abstinence to patients for the entire duration of the analysis (fortunately, psychoanalysis in those days did not last long, a few months). And Frederick Perls's psychoanalyst forbade him to marry. Until now, some psychoanalysts, if a patient asks to drink water, refuse him this, and some do not even allow him to use the toilet. In their view, the patient actually
wants something else that should be analyzed rather than satisfied.
See Frustration of the Patient
.
It should be noted that Freud was not so cruel to his patients; there is evidence that he could feed the patient lunch or lend money. But the principle of abstinence
, introduced by Freud, became the dogma of psychoanalysis, taken to the point of absurdity.
The principle of neutrality in psychoanalysis
Freud had the idea that the psychoanalyst should be a well-polished mirror
to reflect the patient, and he could see himself in
an undistorted form
.
By reflection we mean impartial and unbiased interpretations. For this, according to Freud, the neutrality
of the psychoanalyst was required so that he would not bring his feelings into the analysis with his active emotional behavior.
Thus, it was believed that a benevolent psychoanalyst could encourage his patient to reciprocate benevolence, when, in fact, he might have cats scratching at his soul
, and then this patient’s feeling would elude the analysis.
Frederick Perls
Many of Freud's students understood the idea of neutrality
, as a complete ban on expressing any feelings towards the patient, which led to a feeling of
detachment,
creating the impression of dryness and indifference on the part of the psychoanalyst.
As a result, a generation of insensitive
psychoanalysts appeared, for example, like the psychoanalyst of Frederick Perls, who did not greet his patients and indicated the end of the session by the rustling of his feet on the floor.
Criticism of psychotherapy
One of the main criticisms directed against psychotherapy is doubt about its effectiveness. In support of this, an often cited study by psychologist Hans Eysenck found that two-thirds of participants improved or recovered on their own within two years, regardless of whether they received psychotherapy or not.
However, in a meta-analysis that looked at 475 different studies, the researchers found that psychotherapy was effective in improving clients' psychological well-being. The personality of the therapist, as well as his belief in the effectiveness of treatment, play a major role in psychotherapy. It is assumed that the type of therapy used and the theoretical basis of treatment may not influence the outcome.
People who practice psychotherapy may have several different specialties. Some titles, such as “psychologist” or “psychiatrist,” are protected titles and have specific educational and licensing requirements. Specialists qualified enough to perform psychotherapy are psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists.
Kuznetsov Denis Vladimirovichpsychologist of the highest category, hypnotherapist, medical psychologist - HypnoLIFE
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Gestalt therapy: contact and balance
Within the framework of Gestalt therapy, communication between the therapist and the client takes place face-to-face, in a fairly free extroverted dialogue. Did you hear or didn't you hear? What can you accept from the environment and what cannot you? Are you able to ask for what you need? When do you want to cut off the conversation and defend yourself? For the client, Gestalt therapy is built on contact: both with the psychotherapist and with himself. This is an open-to-new, dynamic type of therapy that allows a person to resolve psychological problems by establishing or establishing connections with his own self, the people around him and the circumstances of his life. This is mainly achieved by working with actual feelings and their bodily manifestations. You can also use memories, dreams, and even imaginary characters.
The main task of a person during Gestalt therapy is not so much to think as to feel. Awareness of emotions and reactions to them are used as tools. The optimal result of such work is to achieve balance, when you can rely on signals coming from within, and at the same time take into account external circumstances when it comes to action. Gestalt therapy teaches you to adapt to the world around you without violence against yourself and to satisfy your needs in a way that is adequately perceived in society.
The average duration of Gestalt therapy is up to two years. Today, one of the problems of this movement remains that some of its supporters perceive it more as a social movement or even a subculture, so that the process of development or problem solving to some extent turns into leisure and loses its effectiveness.
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What problems does psychotherapeutic treatment of alcoholism solve?
Conducting psychotherapy sessions during the treatment of alcohol addiction, the doctor solves the following problems:
- Eliminates cravings for alcohol-containing drinks and various stimulants.
- Removes negative feelings associated with giving up alcohol, helps to survive the “transition” period from heavy drinking to a sober lifestyle with minimal discomfort.
- Activates the patient’s natural healing mechanisms.
- Blocks reactions that push a return to illness.
Achieving these goals allows you to achieve sustainable remission and long-term sobriety.
It is important to understand that during psychotherapy, the doctor necessarily takes into account the patient’s personal characteristics, his life views, self-esteem, temperament, and habits. Based on these characteristics, he draws up an individual treatment program. Psychotherapy is never carried out according to a standard, same-type scheme. If it were “one-sided,” it would not allow thousands of alcoholics to be transformed into successful and healthy people.
