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Neurotic stuttering

Neurotic stuttering manifests itself in the form of a violation of the normal rhythm of speech, the occurrence of stuttering and repetitions.
This form of disorder is directly related to tonic and tonic-clonic convulsions in the respiratory-vocal and articular muscles. The nature of the disease has a psychological background, which makes it possible to classify it as a group of neurotic diseases. In medicine, the term logoneurosis is also used.

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Neurotic stuttering is always associated with a stressful situation. Most often, men suffer from stuttering. The disease can appear one-time or become a permanent occurrence.

In the first case, a person may begin to stutter after a strong fright, in an attack of panic, or anger. In the second case, a person experiences the same sensations, but they have acquired a permanent character.

Since neurotic stuttering is associated with psychology, its causes can be very different. Sometimes a person begins to stutter in childhood, imitating someone from his environment, gets used to such speech and does not notice its defect.

Heredity associated with disorders of the speech apparatus plays a huge role in determining the causes of stuttering.

What is stuttering? Secrets of our brain

According to the theory of speech production, the speech process is a kind of circle of information transfer between three brain centers located in the cerebral cortex - speech (Broca's center), auditory (Wernicke's center) and associative.
With the help of the associative center, we select the necessary words, arrange them in the required sequence, that is, we build a phrase. From the associative center, information is transmitted to the speech center, which processes it, emits the required number of nerve impulses and sends them to the muscles of the speech apparatus (lips, tongue, vocal cords, larynx), as well as the muscles involved in the act of breathing (diaphragm and chest) .

From this diagram it becomes clear that smooth speech is possible only when all three centers work synchronously, that is, when they transmit information at the same speed. When stuttering, this synchrony is disrupted. The “culprit” for this is Broca’s speech center. For various reasons, its activity is significantly increased, which causes it to produce more nerve impulses and transmit them to the muscles of the speech apparatus. This causes their additional contractions, which, when exhaling, leads to the appearance of convulsive stuttering.

There are two main forms of speech cramps:

• Clonic – convulsions that cause numerous speech repetitions (lo-lo-lo-zhka, ku-ku-ku-kla);
• Tonic – convulsions that hinder speech movements for a long time (t…….axe, m……..machine);

Most often, both forms occur in the speech of a stutterer.

Causes of pathology

Speech disorders are much more common in preschoolers and primary school children than in adult men and women. Approximately 1% of the world's adults who have reached adulthood suffer from this disease. Today, a comprehensive method of getting rid of stuttering is considered the most effective.

Before starting treatment for logoneurosis, the doctor finds out what preceded its appearance, since healing requires a targeted, person-oriented approach. A preschooler whose nervous system is characterized by increased excitability may develop situational stuttering when excited. Treatment of the pathology is simple: you need not to overload the child with activities, protect him from stress, and talk to him more often in a relaxed atmosphere.

It will be more difficult to get rid of the disease forever if it developed as a result of perinatal damage to the central nervous system. The disorder appears as soon as the baby begins to speak. The psychoneurologist decides what means will help correct the situation.

Other causes of childhood logoneurosis:

• scandals in the family;
• sudden fear;
• consequences of infectious diseases;
• spinal injuries;
• hereditary tendency;
• attempts to retrain left-handedness in preschool age.

Children may stutter if they have witnessed parental conflicts.

Due to life circumstances (drinking parents, low family income), a preschooler may not receive competent medical care. Deviations in speech become chronic. When asked whether pathology can be treated in adults, neurologists answer: “Yes.” Doctors do not hide that the path to fluent speech will be long, but the problem can be overcome.

Speech disorders do not always stem from childhood. Men and women who had no problems pronouncing words at school age may experience speech impediments at 20–40 years of age. A properly selected individual program will save you from many unpleasant moments: difficulties in communication, decreased self-esteem, problems at work.

You cannot ignore this symptom: in situations that require increased stress (a test at work, a difficult conversation with relatives), you begin to stammer. Contact a neurologist. You may be prescribed physiotherapy, massage sessions and sedative pills.

The main causes of stuttering in adults:

• severe shock;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• prolonged stress: few people know that long-term experiences and conflicts can lead to the development of stuttering in an adult - whether this pathology can be cured in a short time will be determined by a neurologist;
• previous traumatic brain injury;
• malignant tumor in the brain.

Representatives of the stronger sex are more susceptible to speech disorders than women. It is more difficult to treat logoneurosis in adult men than in patients of the opposite sex.

Speech accompanied by spasms creates a lot of problems for a person, preventing normal communication and expression of one’s thoughts. Modern doctors pay special attention to studying factors that can trigger the development of the disease. The causes of stuttering are divided into 2 large groups: organic lesions and neurological disorders.

Organic lesions of stuttering are associated with disruption of human brain activity.

• Concussion or any other physical damage that causes disruption of the nervous system. Stuttering, which leads to speech disorders in a person, can be caused by bruises, blows and concussions. This can happen both in childhood and in adulthood.
• Diseases leading to impaired cerebral circulation (stroke, hypertensive crisis, heart attack, diabetes mellitus). These diseases disrupt the functioning of the brain and the process of transmitting information. There is a violation of speech, motor ability of a person, and muscle motility. In this case, stuttering becomes a side effect of another, more serious illness.
• Tumor processes can cause speech impairment and stuttering. As the tumors progress, they disrupt the functioning of the brain, thereby having a destructive effect on a person’s speech and articulation abilities.

Neurological disorders are based on personal experiences.

Experiencing enormous nervous tension and prolonged depression, being exposed to systemic neuroses, a person provokes the occurrence of stuttering.

• Long-term exposure to stress. The pace of modern life has a negative impact on human health. The psyche especially suffers. Acutely experiencing failures, discord with colleagues, family quarrels and problems with children, we expose ourselves to strong emotions, experiencing daily stress, which negatively affects our overall well-being, including our speech abilities.
• Psychological trauma. We experience neuropsychological shock as a result of the loss of a loved one, an accident, sexual abuse, or a past childhood insult. The experience affects not only our emotional state and behavior, but also the ability of the speech apparatus.
• Nervous overstrain. People who lead an active social and business life, who are forced to give public speeches and speak in front of large audiences, experience stuttering when excited.

In order to prescribe effective treatment, it is important to accurately determine the factors that triggered the development of stuttering. This happens during individual consultations with the attending physician, who will then select the most effective treatment methods.

1. The most common reason (67.5%) is fear. Very often, out of fright, people lose, as they say, “the power of speech.” Most for seconds, and many for many years.

If stuttering occurs immediately after psychological trauma, the following conclusions can be drawn:

• - psychological trauma is the true cause of stuttering;
• — psychological trauma is a trigger (perhaps there was a neurological predisposition);

1. In second place are bruises and injuries (27.5%).
2. Infectious diseases and imitations.
3. Predisposing reasons. Among them, age occupies a special place. Children between two and five years old often suffer from stuttering. It has also been observed that boys are more likely to stutter than girls. And another predisposing reason is heredity. This is expressed in multiple cases of the disease in the family.

Main causes of neurotic disorder

Children's fear is often a consequence of parental misbehavior. Sometimes adults, without noticing it themselves, create the preconditions for the emergence of fears of the dark, empty rooms, scaring children with scary characters. Children's imagination conveys images much more vividly than adults. By involving a small child in a fantasy situation that is new to him, parents provoke the emergence of fears.

Parents can reinforce fears with their reactions. The mother’s reaction to the sight of the child’s blood is much brighter and more emotional than his own.

Some parents scold their children a lot when they fall and cry. They are afraid to take the wrong step, lest they be scolded for their mistake. Causes of fear in children:

• a sound or cry that is too loud and unexpected for a one-year-old baby,
• animals that seem huge to a baby (dogs, cats),
• storm,
• stress as a result of seeing a quarrel,
• isolation, taciturnity of parents,
• humiliation from peers or kindergarten teacher,
• the result of the evil eye, the removal of which must be carried out immediately.

A huge pet can cause fear in a child

Diagram of the emergence of fears

Even during the prenatal period, the child can feel the mother’s fear. The human body is designed in such a way that some fears can be passed on from parents to children, so it is likely that a newborn baby will be afraid of dogs or snakes. Children's fear begins to progress when there is no feeling of safety.

Growing up, children learn to control their fears and behavior, but they need help with this by explaining that the dog is not as scary as it seems, and a thunderstorm is just a natural phenomenon, and going to the dentist is not a painful event.

Fear should be prevented in advance by talking about dental treatment and other medical procedures. Being in a new situation, seeing a syringe, hearing the sound of a drill, a child may become so frightened that the next time he refuses to enter the hospital. He needs constant explanations of actions, phenomena, and medical procedures.

Neurosis-like stuttering

This type of disorder develops in childhood. Typically, this form of the disease affects children 3-4 years old who have suffered severe physical trauma or were born with pathology of internal organs.

Stuttering can be caused by asphyxia and difficult childbirth. Children show developmental delays, they refuse to walk for a long time, they get tired quickly, they begin to talk at 2-3 years old, and they cannot remember even the simplest words.

Initially, stuttering may manifest itself in the form of rearrangement of individual words, but gradually parasitic words such as “uh,” “well,” “this” appear in colloquial speech, which makes speech even less intelligible.

The neurotic form of stuttering disappears by itself after the removal of the external stimulus, while the neurosis-like disorder remains a problem for many years and worries an adult.

The main signs of fear

Fright in a child and night terror can occur calmly and disappear, or they can be accompanied by the following symptoms:

• sleepwalking,
• fear of the dark,
• stuttering,
• hysterics,
• nightmares,
• insomnia,
• hyperexcitability,
• lack of appetite.

Before treating fear in a child, you need to determine the causes of this condition. Failure to treat fear in children can lead to disastrous consequences. Neurotic disorder has a detrimental effect on the psyche and inhibits full development. It is especially difficult for a mother to determine if her baby is frightened. The first sign of a neurotic disorder and spinal damage in an infant is a fear of water. When the baby is lowered into the bath, he begins to scream loudly.

Traditional treatment of the disease

How to cure stuttering? Instead of the attitude “oh horror, now it’s going to start again,” choose the attitude: “this is such a feature of mine.” Internally accept the fact that you stutter and try to live with it. If you are afraid of how others will react to your stuttering, you can tell or hint about the problem in advance. The calmer you are about the defect, the less often it will appear.

Everyone has their own “recipes” for relaxation. Some people are helped by a rosary that can be fiddled with in their hands, a piece of paper whose edges can be folded and unbent, or perhaps a certain crossing of fingers that gives a peaceful state. When you are ready, begin your speech. You will see: its quality directly depends on your internal state.

Many stutterers, when talking with loved ones, completely forget about their problem. But she reminds herself in stressful moments. Rehearse in front of your sister, your man or your parents the speech that you are going to give at the meeting tomorrow. Remember the feeling of relaxation and self-confidence, and save them until the “X” moment.

Breathing exercises from yoga or qigong can help regulate breathing when stuttering. Learn to control the force of inhalation and exhalation, the rhythms of intake and removal of air from the lungs. Repeat the exercises every day without skipping them: soon you will feel that your stuttering has decreased.

People often stutter from the very fact of their uneven speech. This makes them lose the thread of the conversation and miss the point of the conversation. Try to shift your attention from your own voice to the idea you want to convey or to your interlocutor. Concentrate on processing speech information, put emphasis not on form, but on content.

Take breaks

How to get rid of stuttering? When you feel a stutter coming on, give yourself time to regulate your breathing. Pause the conversation and take a deep breath. Repeat inhaling and exhaling, listening to your breathing. This way you can control your speech, and light pauses will give you an interesting mystery in the eyes of your interlocutor.

Get inspired

While you are working on your speech, be patient and enthusiastic. And good literature and cinema will help you with this. For example, the Oscar-winning “The King's Speech”: feel yourself in the place of the main character and go with him all the way from complexes to complete victory.

Daria Mazurkina quickly looked for ways to get rid of stuttering

Stuttering, like any other disease, negatively affects a person’s personal and professional life. It is difficult for the patient to get a job and realize himself professionally, it is difficult to communicate with colleagues, and it is not always possible to build strong family relationships.

It should be taken into account that a person with a stutter will require enormous internal strength aimed at healing. In addition to the therapy prescribed by the attending physician, you will have to constantly work on yourself. Treatment of stuttering neurosis begins with the fact that a person must recognize the presence of a problem and admit that he needs medical help.

Homework should be a continuation of general treatment and carried out under the supervision of an appropriate specialist. At the first stage, all the patient’s strength will be thrown into the fight against fear and anxiety that arises in anticipation of communication. To do this, you can use auto-training, which relieves tension, restores a sense of self-confidence, and helps you believe in success.

At the next stage, using various special techniques, it is necessary to develop a proper breathing system. The most famous technique is the gymnastics of Alexandra Strelnikova. Various breathing exercises help cope with a huge number of diseases, including stuttering.

Gymnastics is aimed at relieving tension in the facial muscles and combating spasms. The only thing that is required from a person is regular, diligent repetition of the exercises.

The next stage is working on the correct pronunciation of words. Activities such as loud singing and reading texts will help you with this, during which the articulatory apparatus, vocal cords are perfectly warmed up and a breathing rhythm is established.

Psychotherapy for stuttering in adults is an effective method of dealing with the problem, since logoneurosis is partly a mental problem. Many doctors pay great attention to psychological work during recovery sessions. These can be either individual or group lessons. Taking into account the psychological and psycholinguistic aspects of stuttering mechanisms, 2 psychological techniques are recognized as the most effective methods of work.

• Rational perception. Work with the patient is aimed at helping the person learn to live calmly with the problem of stuttering, without considering himself worse or more defective than others. During the sessions, the doctor teaches his ward to use the knowledge acquired during rehabilitation and not to be ashamed of the fact that he is visiting a psychotherapist.
• Suggestive help. The main technique used in this therapy is hypnosis. To correctly establish the factors that influenced the development of the disease, the patient is immersed in a trance state. During hypnosis, a person ceases to control his consciousness, plunging into memories, describing forgotten emotional breakdowns and experiences. The doctor accurately determines internal attitudes that, at the psycho-emotional level, have a destructive effect on a person, preventing him from normal communication with people around him. An important role for hypnosis is played by trust between the doctor and the patient, as well as the level of qualifications of the specialist.

Classes with a speech therapist will help eliminate defects and restore the functioning of the speech apparatus. It is a mistake to think that this treatment method is only suitable for children. Adults who want to speak beautifully have no less success working with a speech therapist. Doctors warn not to count on instant results. Treatment will require significant time, perseverance and effort.

First, the doctor and the patient will work to restore speech skills. A person who stutters will relearn how to pronounce all the letters of the alphabet, gradually putting them into words and forming sentences. The patient must independently, without hesitation, learn to pronounce vowels and consonants, mastering correct gestures and facial expressions, learning the basics of breathing, working on the timbre and sonority of his voice.

At the second stage of rehabilitation, the stuttering patient will have to apply the acquired knowledge in practice. The patient will have to read aloud a lot, actively participate in conversations, and express his opinion. The final stage is to bring the acquired skills to automatism, including modeling various life situations that the patient may encounter.

Medicine does not yet have any injections or tablets that could instantly improve a patient’s speech. The drug treatment program for stuttering is aimed at eliminating pathologies that contribute to the development of the disease.

Neurologists prescribe drugs of 4 groups to men and women with speech disorders.

1. Antispasmodics. These tablets eliminate muscle spasms that impede the functioning of the vocal apparatus. In response to the disappearance of the spasm, the tongue-tied person who stutters disappears or decreases. To eliminate stuttering, neurologists often prescribe Mydocalm and Sirdalud tablets to patients.
2. Antidepressants and tranquilizers. Drugs of these two groups are often prescribed to people suffering from depression. If you withdraw into yourself and are afraid of communication, you will not be able to do without medicinal help. When the depressed state passes, it will be possible to continue the fight against stuttering.
3. Calming pills. These drugs are necessary for patients who experience frequent mood swings and a violent reaction to any minor event. To cure stuttering in an adult, you need to normalize the person’s emotional state. In order to eliminate excessive excitability, you may be prescribed Grandaxin, Afobazol, Tenoten.
4. Nootropic drugs. The action of these drugs is aimed at improving blood supply to brain tissue. The most popular medications in this group are Noofen and Cerebrolysin.

When deciding how to deal with stuttering, a specialist takes into account the following circumstances: the cause of the disease, the age of the patient, and the presence of concomitant chronic diseases (diabetes, asthma). Medicines alone cannot return a person to normal speech technique. Fluent speech pronunciation can be achieved through a comprehensive approach to overcoming stuttering.

Stuttering cannot be cured with medication alone.

The inner speech of a stuttering person is free. When the patient talks “to himself,” there are no hesitations or hesitations. This circumstance supports the assertion that chronic stuttering can be cured.

Neurologists have extensively studied the causes of stuttering in adults. Treatment options are tailored to each individual case. The longer a person stutters, the more effort and time it will take to rid him of the problem. If your speech skills are not formed correctly, you need to persistently practice.

Time-tested methods will help you get rid of stuttering forever:

• breathing exercises by A. Strelnikova;
• speech therapy classes.

Speech therapy session is an auxiliary method of stuttering treatment

It is worth mentioning the principles of Strelnikova’s breathing exercises:

• the patient takes short, sharp and noisy breaths through the nose: simultaneously with each breath, he needs to perform movements that compress the chest;
• the patient does not think about exhalation; exhalation should be passive;
• load volume: 300 movements in 45 minutes;
• there is no pain in the patient’s muscles, there is no excessive stress;
• exercises developed by the author of the method involve all parts of the body;
• each breath is carried out on turns and tilts - these exercises involve the diaphragm;
• in 2 weeks of intensive training according to the Strelnikova system, the patient’s respiratory muscles are strengthened; this achievement is the first step leading you to getting rid of long-term stuttering;
• a person’s lungs are used to their full “power”, all organs, including the brain, are saturated with oxygen;
• Strelnikova’s gymnastics program includes sound exercises: their goal is to correctly position the patient’s voice.

General recommendations

If you are thinking about how to relieve fear in a child, you should not rely only on folk remedies; you need a number of appropriate measures that will help cope with stuttering. The range of activities includes:

• working with a psychologist,
• classes with a speech therapist,
• breathing exercises,
• reducing stress levels,
• medications.

It is important to remember that any untested method (magic rite against the evil eye) can cause even greater harm. This applies to visiting healers, reading prayers on your own, and any manipulations against the evil eye.

A child may feel even greater fear in an unfamiliar, uncomfortable situation. The unstable child's psyche has a hard time accepting the magical rite of treatment.

Etiology and pathogenesis of the disorder

At least 1% of adults on the planet suffer from stuttering. There is no general consensus regarding the etiology of stuttering. Experts identify the following factors that have a direct or indirect effect on the occurrence of the disease:

• age;
• gender;
• state of the central nervous system;
• individual characteristics of speech development;
• functional asymmetry of the brain;
• mental trauma;
• genetics.

Stuttering is more common in men than in women, which is due to their greater exposure to various types of stress.

When studying the pathogenesis of the disorder, the following approaches are used:

1. Clinical and physiological. A person who stutters is quite capable of adequately perceiving speech if it comes from the mouth of another person or is broadcast through an audio recording. He may well formulate in his mind the phrase he wants to pronounce, but he cannot say it as intended, which is associated with a violation at the level of speaking and the level of speech prosody. The speech function is not impaired at the physical level; it is either not fully developed, or the speaking person is under severe stress and therefore is unable to speak correctly. Statistics show that left-handers are more likely to stutter, but no definitive studies have been conducted on this matter.
2. Psychological and pedagogical. Proponents of this approach associate the manifestation of the disorder with a fear of speaking that arose at the psychological level. Typically, such fear develops in children experiencing authoritarian pressure from their parents, but it can also manifest itself in adults suffering from the oppression of their superiors and family troubles.
3. Social. It was found that in the absence of listeners, a stuttering person speaks correctly, there are no obvious speech impairments, which allows us to talk about the social nature of stuttering.
4. Psycholinguistic. Proponents of the psycholinguistic approach take monologue speech disorders as the basis for their study, since monologue is impossible without clearly structured, coherent and purposeful mental activity. Through many years of experiments, it was found that stuttering is directly related to the emotions that the speaker experiences when reading. People who read emotionally charged text stuttered more than those who read completely devoid of emotion text in a dry business style. When reading again, stuttering decreased, since the text was already familiar to the person and did not evoke the same emotions as during its initial reading. In addition, it has been proven that high social adaptation of a person has a direct impact on the development of the disorder. The higher it is, the less speech defect is observed.

Stuttering in adults is often associated with nervous overexcitation and mental distress. The best preventive measure is the desire to avoid stressful situations, the ability to always find the good side in everything.

By being in a good mood, not immersing yourself in pressing problems beyond the prescribed limit, and taking care of your own mental health, a person may never encounter such a problem.

It is extremely important to find harmony of spirit and body; yoga classes, listening to quiet classical music and simply relaxing on the sofa with your favorite book in your hands can provide invaluable help in this. Not knowing how to relieve mental stress, it is best to consult a doctor and solve the problem under his guidance.

In medicine, stuttering is a specific disorder of speech functions that is not characteristic of a healthy person. There are several forms and types of disorders, the treatment of which largely depends on the person’s discipline, his willingness to undergo a long course of treatment and the ability to take care of himself and his health.

Consequences of fright

Severe fear in children of any age should not be ignored. If after the fright there are no manifestations, you need to consult a doctor, because the consequences may appear in the baby after 1-2 months. Considering that children are sometimes more frightened by their parents’ reaction, adults need to behave appropriately in any situation.

Children with a sensitive psyche may experience symptoms of fear after walking on new playgrounds, after meeting new people and animals. After an eventful day, the child sleeps poorly, sometimes walks or talks in his sleep. We must try not to oversaturate children's leisure with an excessive range of events. You can tell if a child is scared by the effects of stress:

• anxiety while awake and during sleep,
• urinary incontinence during sleep,
• speech disorders,
• tremor of the chin or hands,
• vomiting during hysterics,
• eye rolling,
• nervous tic.

After suffering from stress, the eyes may squint, and this can only be corrected through surgery at the age of 5 years. If you notice several symptoms, you need to contact a specialist to find out how to cure fear in a child.

Hysterics accompany fear in a child

Treatment methods

There are often cases when a patient took a course of medication and, noticing improvements, ignored other methods of stuttering correction (visiting a speech therapist, reflexology sessions). Over time, after stress or severe fatigue, the patient's speech again became confused and slurred. To eliminate stuttering, you need to go through all the stages of restoring harmonious speech.

In addition to medications, other methods are used to treat stuttering in adults.

1. Conversations with a psychotherapist, hypnosis. If you decide to learn to speak fluently and beautifully, it is important to free yourself from the old psychological trauma that caused you to stutter. Is long-standing speech disorder treated in adults? Psychotherapists answer: healing is possible. There are no instant miracles, but painstaking work with a psychotherapist will help eliminate the fear of communication that is holding you back. If the speech disorder was caused by neurosis, treatment of logoneurosis includes the following stages: working through the traumatic situation, adjusting to a positive mood, and correcting self-esteem.
2. A proven way to achieve smooth pronunciation of words, get rid of convulsive repetition of individual syllables and forget about stuttering is speech therapy work.
3. Physiotherapy.
4. Complex exercises with an emphasis on creativity. The official name of this method is neurodynamic rhythmoplasty. As a means of correcting stuttering, it is especially effective for children with central nervous system lesions. Adult men and women who have speech impairment after trauma can also seek help from “creative therapy.” This comprehensive method of overcoming stuttering includes reading poetry from memory, staging theatrical scenes, drawing, and performing dance compositions.
5. In outpatient treatment of stuttering, acupressure is used. During the session, the specialist acts on certain acupuncture points, as a result of which the patient experiences increased excitability of the speech centers.
6. Acupuncture (reflexotherapy) sessions for stuttering. Principle of treatment: the doctor inserts special thin needles into biologically active points on the patient’s face. Reflex excitation that occurs at the injection sites is transmitted to the speech centers of the brain. As a result, brain functionality improves and muscle spasms disappear.
7. Breathing exercises. If your case is not too advanced and speech impairment bothers you from time to time, treating stuttering with homeopathy will help you. Before purchasing advertised pills, you should consult your doctor.

Provocateurs of deviation

Possible reasons for the development of stuttering in adults may be:

• severe fear;
• suffered stress;
• anger that instantly seized a person;
• developmental pathologies;
• negative attitude of family and superiors;
• hormonal and endocrine disorders;
• suffered traumatic brain injuries;
• developmental delays present in childhood.

Stuttering can be a hereditary disease that does not appear for a long time. In the presence of a stressful situation, deviation can appear at the most inopportune moment and become a permanent phenomenon in a person’s life.

In the correction of stuttering, a special place is occupied by an individual approach and comprehensive treatment. Depending on the causes of stuttering, the doctor may recommend massage courses, hypnosis and drug treatment. In special cases, reflexology and consultation with a neurologist will be required.

If the disorder was caused by an injury, the patient will need to consult a vibration specialist. You can get rid of complex cases of stuttering by relieving tension in certain areas of the body; in this situation, myotherapy aimed at muscle therapy may be recommended.

To correct stuttering, it is recommended to consult a psychologist and undergo a parallel course of treatment, which can have a beneficial effect on the human psyche by eliminating traumatic situations.

A speech therapist can also correct the patient’s condition, using methods such as speech therapy massage, articulation exercises and various breathing exercises.

The main goal of correction is to maximize speech improvement. The difficulties of correctional treatment are associated with the need to simultaneously use means and methods of the neurological, speech therapy, psychological and therapeutic fields.

Phases of development

Stuttering in adults is much more difficult to treat than in childhood, so parents raising children under the age of 12 are advised to carefully monitor whether they show signs of this disease.

As the disease progresses, it can cause severe speech defects. Experts distinguish 4 phases of stuttering development:

1. Deviation in speech in preschool children. The manifestation of the disease can be observed with a strong emotional outburst. Typically, stuttering at this age does not lead to serious problems and disappears on its own.
2. Stuttering in children of primary school age. The disease, which manifests itself in younger schoolchildren, is considered a pathology requiring immediate treatment. Sometimes stuttering schoolchildren can speak quite coherently, but gradually, being exposed to ridicule from other children, they stop trying to pronounce words correctly and the speech defect intensifies.
3. Disorder in adolescents. The disease manifests itself in an intensified form when communicating with strangers, answering at the board, or talking on the phone.
4. Stuttering in adolescence and adulthood. If the disease cannot be overcome in childhood and adolescence, it becomes chronic and forces adults to look for replacements for some words that are difficult to pronounce.

Manifestation of stuttering in children of preschool and primary school age article on the topic

Manifestation of stuttering in children of preschool and primary school age.

Cherepanova Marina Vladimirovna, teacher - speech therapist,

MBOU "Secondary School No. 78", Barnaul, Altai Territory

Fluency of speech is one of the main parameters of a normative conditional utterance. It is ensured by compliance with the prosodic and speech motor parameters of speech. This, in turn, requires coordinated, coordinated work of the muscles of all three parts of the peripheral speech apparatus - respiratory, vocal, articulatory. Impairments in the fluency of speech are manifested in non-compliance with the named parameters, as a result of which the speaker’s speech becomes abnormal in tempo, chanting, and interrupted by specific hesitations, which within the framework of the problem of speech pathology are usually referred to as stuttering.

Stuttering caused by muscle spasms of the peripheral speech apparatus, being an external manifestation of stuttering, is also the main cause of impaired speech fluency.

Stuttering is one of the most severe speech defects. It is difficult to eliminate, traumatizes the child’s psyche, interferes with verbal communication, complicates relationships with others, especially in children’s groups, and leaves an imprint on the child’s entire behavior, his entire life.

Stuttering in children develops in close interaction with personality and behavioral disorders and largely depends on the neuropsychic state of the child, which causes complex symptoms and speech disorders themselves. Changes in the neuropsychic state of children are often associated not only, and sometimes not so much, with the appearance of stuttering, but with the developmental characteristics of the individual. A speech disorder, as a rule, only aggravates the manifestation of those developmental deviations that the child already had or are emerging.

Children who stutter develop their understanding of their incorrect speech in different ways and gradually, with the accumulation of experience. The first source is the presence of speech hesitations, which complicate the process of verbal communication with others, give rise to sediment, dissatisfaction, and feelings of inability to realize one’s needs (to convey one’s desire, thought as one would like, to fully participate in collective actions). The offensive attitude of others, the unfulfillment of their desires, unsuccessful attempts to independently cope with their shortcomings or at least disguise it - this is the second important source that forms the concepts of those who stutter about their incorrect speech, about themselves, about their place in the team, about the team’s attitude towards him. These concepts, related to each other by contrast, similarity and contiguity, have many faces and depend on the social environment (favorable or unfavorable) in which the child is located.

The severity of stuttering is usually determined by the state of speech of the stutterer. This takes into account the nature of communication and the characteristics of behavior in activities. The severity of the defect is considered as follows.

Easy degree - children freely engage in communication in any situation

with strangers, participate in a group game, in all types of activities, carry out assignments related to the need for verbal communication. Convulsions are observed only during independent speech.

Average degree - children experience difficulties in communicating in new and important situations for them, in the presence of people unfamiliar to them, and refuse to participate in group games with peers. Convulsions are observed in various parts of the speech apparatus - respiratory, vocal, articular - during independent, question-answer and reflected speech.

Severe degree - stuttering is expressed in all communication situations, impedes verbal communication and collective activity of children, distorts the manifestation of behavioral reactions, and manifests itself in all types of speech.

The speech of stuttering children in preschool and primary school age becomes arrhythmic. Convulsive, arrhythmic movement disorders cause disturbances in the prosodic aspect of speech: smoothness, intonation expressiveness, pausing, phonetic and logical stress. The rhythm of speech is also disrupted due to embolophrasia, which occurs under conditions of increased nervous excitement. Embolophrasia can be considered as a result of underdevelopment of the motor functions of a stutterer and his inability to quickly and clearly formulate his thought. Emboli in children are simple in composition: “a”, “well”, “here”, “this”, “well”, “a”, “and here” and the like.

“It is precisely in preschool age that stuttering children are characterized by an abundance of accompanying movements (in 47% of cases). They arise as a result of the spread of spasms from the speech department to other muscles of the body: first to the muscles of the face, neck, forearm and then to the muscles of the trunk, back, upper and lower extremities.” [25.P.255.]

Simultaneously with convulsive manifestations, the stutterer experiences mainly a variety of painful phenomena. In a conversation, he is worried, afraid in advance that he will not be able to say well. Others focus their attention on sounds that are “difficult” to pronounce. Some, usually more developed, are embarrassed, experience a feeling of acute shame in front of others because of their defect, and unsuccessfully try to hide their defect from them

Such experiences have a bad effect on the child’s psyche and spoil his character. They perpetuate and intensify stuttering, therefore, such children need close attention from a speech therapist.

Children stutter only in the presence of other people - children and adults, but when alone they speak normally (for example, with toys). They also sing without stuttering. In one situation or in a conversation with certain people, the child does not stutter, but in other circumstances and people he stutters.

Stuttering can occur suddenly, sometimes after a certain period of muteness (from several hours to several days), then gradually, gradually intensifying. The latter occurs most often as a result of diseases that deplete the nervous system and its intoxication.

Under favorable conditions of life and development of the child’s body, it can gradually disappear. But if others in the presence of the child begin to pay intense attention to the speech defect, if the child has a fear of being funny when talking to others, if the nervous system is weakened, then stuttering, on the contrary, intensifies. This is characteristic of nervous diseases, and depends on changes in external and internal stimuli falling on the child’s brain.

If there is a child in the family who stutters, it is important to remember:

1. A child who stutters should be under the supervision of a speech therapist and a neuropsychiatrist at all times. Due to the fact that children who stutter and children at risk have a weakened nervous system, they require an individual approach, a calm environment in the family, and a correct general speech regime.

2. Children should not read many books that are not appropriate for their age. Reading scary fairy tales at night is harmful, as this can cause a child to feel constant fear: he is afraid to see Baba Yaga, the devil, the devil, etc.

3. You should not be allowed to watch television programs often and for a long time. This tires and overstimulates the child’s nervous system. Programs that are inappropriate for his age and watched before bed have a particularly negative effect.

4. You cannot overindulge children, fulfill any of their whims, since in this case even a slight contradiction to him, for example, denial of something he wants, can cause mental trauma for the child. The requirements for a child must correspond to his age, always be the same, constant from everyone around him, both in the family, in kindergarten, and at school.

5. You should not overload your child with a large number of impressions (cinema, reading, watching TV, etc.) during the period of recovery after an illness.

6. You cannot intimidate or punish a child by leaving him alone in a room, especially a poorly lit one. As a punishment, you can force him to sit quietly on a chair, deprive him of participation in his favorite game, etc.

7. You need to speak with such a child clearly, smoothly (without separating one word from another), without rushing, but in no case in syllables or in a sing-song manner.

8. You must always be equally even and demanding of the child.

9. Such a child should be brought together with the most balanced, well-spoken children, so that, by imitating them, he learns to speak expressively and fluently.

10. Children who stutter should not be involved in games that excite and require individual speech performances from the participants.

11. For a child who stutters, music and dance classes are very important, which contribute to the development of proper speech breathing, a sense of tempo, and rhythm. Additional singing lessons are helpful.

Stuttering is one of the most difficult problems in speech therapy, both in theoretical and practical aspects. That is why it is important to further study children who stutter and improve methods of overcoming their speech defect.

LITERATURE AND LINKS

1. Bogomolova A.I. Elimination of stuttering in children and adolescents. – M.: Education, 1977. – 96 p.
2. Wiesel T.G. Correction of stuttering in children. — M.: AST: Astrel; Vladimir: VKT, 2009.-224 p.
3. Kalyagin V. If a child stutters. – St. Petersburg, 1998-125p.
4. Speech therapy: Textbook / Ed. L.S. Volkova, S.N. Shakhovskaya. – M.: VLADOS, 2009. – 703 p.
5. Pellinger E.L., Uspenskaya L.P. How to help students who stutter. – M.: Education, 1995. – 176 p.

Non-traditional therapy options

1. Ginger root tea. The root of the plant is cut into thin slices and placed in a saucepan with water. You need 400 ml of water. Place the saucepan on the fire and bring the water to a boil. Then the aromatic liquid is infused for 20 minutes. You can drink this tea with honey. Ginger has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, helps you relax, and it will become easier for you to get rid of the problem.
2. Melissa tea. You need to take 35 lemon balm leaves and pour 300 ml of boiling water. The product should be consumed 3 times a day, 100 ml.
3. Bindweed is prolific. This inconspicuous plant with white flowers can be brewed as tea. The stems and leaves of bindweed are poured with boiling water and infused. An adult should drink this tea. Nature itself will answer you how to recover from stuttering. Excessive nervous excitement will pass, and you will feel comfortable.
4. Aromatherapy. In order to eliminate some of the causes of stuttering (depression, loss of sleep), scent therapy is used. The aromas of lavender, mint, and rosemary calm the nerves.

Stuttering in adults - treatment with deafness.

There is an old folk remedy for treating stuttering at home. You need to plug your ears for 7 days so that you can hardly hear your voice. And all this time read aloud, talk a lot and even sing. It should pass. (Source: newspaper “Vestnik ZOZH” 2007, No. 3, p. 32).

Treatment of stuttering in children and adults with folk remedies.

How to cure stuttering in adults and children?

To get rid of stuttering, you should definitely drink an infusion of bone marrow.

The plant needs to be torn together with its greens and roots and dried. 1 tbsp. l. pour 1 cup of boiling water over the herbs, cover and leave until cool. Drink 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day. (Source: newspaper “Vestnik ZOZH” 2005, No. 17, p. 30). An example of using this folk remedy: After a fright, a child began to stutter. They took him to different specialists, suffered for more than two years, but all in vain. Help came from unexpected places. A teacher I know went to the regional center for advanced training courses. There I listened to lectures from a teacher at the medical institute. When she returned, she advised treating a child’s stuttering using the following recipe: Take 1 tbsp. l. with a top of dry drupe leaves collected in August. They should already have rusty spots. Pour 1 cup of boiling water and leave. The infusion should be bitter. Give your child this infusion 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day. Prepare the infusion fresh every day. This folk remedy helped get rid of speech problems. (Source: newspaper “Vestnik ZOZH” 2004, No. 16, p. 22).

Treatment with motherwort for nervous stuttering in children is an effective folk remedy.

The child went to 1st grade. There the children began to make fun of him. He suffered from this, began to stutter, developed depression, and began to have seizures. The pediatrician advised giving the child an infusion of motherwort at night. Mom brewed 1 liter. l. motherwort 1 glass of boiling water, infused, filtered. The child drank 1 tbsp. l. infusion morning and evening. The treatment lasted 7 days, then a 7-day break, then motherwort again - 7 days. I drank until I could speak normally. His convulsions disappeared, his eyes stopped squinting, and the painful grimace disappeared from his face. A neighbor girl also managed to get rid of stuttering at home with the help of motherwort. (Source: newspaper “Vestnik ZOZH” 2005, No. 18, p. 29).

How healers from the city of Liski treat stuttering.

A woman's grandson has been stuttering since he was three years old. At school I answered all questions only in writing. After an article in the Healthy Lifestyle about Ivankin Alexey Andreevich from the city of Liski, Voronezh region (Gagarina St., no. 8), they took their grandson there. After 10 days of treatment for stuttering, the child’s speech improved. 3 years have passed, now the grandson is 17 years old, he speaks well, but from time to time he does the exercises that he was taught in Liski. There were 48 people in the group at that time; both children and adults from 8 to 43 years old were treated for stuttering. Everyone left, speaking clearly. (Source: newspaper “Vestnik ZOZH” 2008, No. 4, p. 8,) In 2001, Ivankin Alexey Andreevich was 70 years old, but his 20-year-old son Alexey Alekseevich helped him. In 2001, they accepted 20 people per month. Alexey Andreevich’s grandfather and great-grandfather were also folk healers. (2001, No. 20, pp. 8-9) AiF “Health” refutes the publications of “Bulletin of Healthy Lifestyle”. The AiF article says that Alexey Andreevich works without patents or education, treats stuttering with strange methods, and recruits groups of up to 100 people. His brother, Petr Alekseevich Ivankin, works in the neighboring building. Everything is fine with his treatment: groups of 20 people, the atmosphere is friendly, everything is in order with the documents, the results of stuttering treatment are excellent. He is helped by his daughter Natasha (a psychologist) and his son Pavel (a doctor). Brothers Pavel and Alexey do not communicate with each other.

Clinical picture

Stuttering is not a disease in the literal sense of the word, since it is usually classified as a manifestation of hidden pathologies of the human body. The violation may be associated with problems such as:

• psychological disorder;
• the presence of a guilt complex in a person;
• feeling of anxiety;
• loneliness;
• fear;
• difficulties in communication;
• reluctance to make important decisions and deal with everyday chores.

The development of stuttering is usually associated with damage to the speech organs and muscle tissue of the larynx. Spasms and respiratory convulsions that occur as a result of excessive anxiety have a significant impact on the manifest speech defect.

Disease prevention

It will be better if you do not allow the problem to arise, because stuttering is more difficult to deal with. What you should avoid:

• protect yourself from scandals and shocks, think about how to get rid of frequent stress;
• don't overwork yourself;
• walk in nature more often;
• give up alcohol;
• if you have hypertension, visit your doctor regularly; a stroke may occur against its background, then neurologists and psychotherapists will face not only the task of how to cure logoneurosis, but also other goals related to maintaining human health.

Establishing diagnosis

Diagnosing stuttering in adults is quite simple, since an adult is quite capable of explaining and demonstrating what exactly he is not happy with in his own speech.

Diagnosis of the disease is carried out under the guidance of a speech therapist and neurologist. In the future, the patient may be prescribed a consultation with a psychologist and psychotherapist, who can determine whether the cause of the disease lies in domestic problems and difficulties in relationships with relatives.

Upon diagnosis, the patient may exhibit secondary symptoms:

• logophobia;
• sweaty hands;
• facial redness;
• obsessive hand movements and movements of other parts of the body.

Correct diagnosis allows immediate treatment of the disease to begin.