Reasoning - what is it, existing signs in children and adults, reasons for deviation

Reasoning is understood as a type of thinking disorder in which the patient reasons a lot without any specifics or purposefulness, as well as with fruitless verbosity.

The best definition was given by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov: Reasoning thinking is a “tendency to fruitless philosophizing,” a “verbal tumor.”

At the same time, a person expresses himself using some complex logical constructions, uses rare abstract terms, often without understanding their true meaning.

When talking with a doctor, an ordinary patient strives to answer all his questions as fully as possible, so that from his answers it would be as easy as possible to determine the cause of the disease.

When reasoning, the patient talks a lot, but at the same time it seems that the aspect of the doctor’s understanding of his reasoning is in first place from the end of the list.

That is, he is interested in the process of reasoning itself , and not the final result, while the reasoning itself moves confusedly and without clear content. At the same time, there are frequent cases of abstract reflections with a complete separation from reality, which are combined with the primitiveness of the ideas expressed.

What is reasoning thinking in psychology. Reasoning thinking

With rational thinking, the patient begins to talk a lot and about nothing. Human speech is replete with complex logical constructions, fanciful terms and abstract concepts.

Most often, the patient uses them incorrectly due to the fact that he is unfamiliar with the true meaning of the concepts.

The term denotes empty reasoning with a lack of purposefulness of the thought process and concrete ideas.

Patients with reasoning are not interested in whether their interlocutor understood or not, since they are captivated by the thinking process itself, and not by a specific thought or idea. Their thinking becomes somewhat amorphous with a lack of logic and content.

When talking about simple everyday topics, patients will not be able to even name the subject of the conversation; they often consider problems from the point of view of cosmology, ethics, philosophy, and express themselves in florid ways.

In most cases, lengthy philosophical discussions are intertwined with absurd hobbies.

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Types of reasoning for various mental pathologies

Reasoning is a disorder of mental activity, expressed in a tendency to complex, intricate reasoning that does not lead to a specific goal.

Persons suffering from this disorder are eloquent and verbose, but operate with concepts superficially, turning to the direct lexical meaning of words, not paying attention to the nuances of their use and the meaning of the story.

The reasoner does not need to be heard and understood; he speaks solely for the sake of the speaking process.

The tendency to reason often becomes a companion to such psychiatric diseases and disorders as:

• epilepsy;
• schizophrenia;
• oligophrenia;
• schizoid personality disorder;
• hysterical personality disorder.

According to research by T.I. Tepenitsyn, reasoning is a disorder not only of thinking, but also of the personality as a whole, and its occurrence is due to:

• affective thinking;
• the desire to bring everyday circumstances under some kind of “idea”.

Often, a reasoner can be distinguished not even based on the characteristics of his speech, but simply by intonation: everything is said pathetically, with a special meaning, significantly.

In psychiatry, to diagnose this disorder, one is asked to explain a proverb, saying or catchphrase.

Patients can bring Newton’s law to the proverb about the apple and the apple tree, or the idea of ​​the unity of form and content to the saying “not all that is gold...”.

In patients with reasoning, there are no violations of the immediate mental or logical sphere. This syndrome is caused by changes in the personal and motivational sphere. Such patients are characterized by an increased need to express their personal qualities and self-affirmation.

Reasoning thinking can also occur in people without obvious signs of mental illness, if they have characteristic personality traits. In mental illnesses, the picture of personality characteristics is aggravated by disturbances in thinking, distortion of the value system and affective inadequacy of the patient.

Reasoning is observed in the following diseases:

• schizophrenia,
• oligophrenia,
• epilepsy,
• organic brain lesions.

The following types of reasoning thinking are distinguished:

• The mannered and resonant type is characterized by the predominance in speech of reasoning on various topics with a discussion of predominantly the formal side of issues. Patients tend to use stereotypical, cliched expressions and express banal thoughts. Their reasoning does not contain rational aspects.
• The pretentious type of reasoning thinking is distinguished by a combination of emotional flattening and aesthetics, observation, and subtlety of perception. Reasoning is characterized by an autistic position.
• The pedantic type of reasoning is characterized by a penchant for flat jokes and ostentatious wit, combined with a lack of understanding of humor. Patients are quite sociable, but they lack a sense of tact; they present their judgments with pathos, despite their banality.

These features are largely determined by the patient’s personal characteristics and are not related to the disease and its type of course.

So, you should look at this concept in psychology. A reasoner is a person who simply cannot think concretely.

Often his specific thinking is accompanied by excessive emotions, pathos, as well as expression, manifested in huge quantities. All this, of course, looks unnatural.

Stilted speech, verbosity, and florid speech are characteristic features inherent in such a person, who is called a “reasoner.”

How to recognize a reasoner? How to distinguish him from just a highly intelligent and talkative person? One of the main signs is a lack of interest in the interlocutor. For reasoners, it doesn’t matter at all whether someone listens to them or not. They can talk for hours on topics that in reality are of no importance.

Reasoners do not use speech to convey information, as healthy people do, but only to express themselves. Therefore, they use a lot of inadequate epithets, solemn and pretentious phrases, exaggerated expressions. The speech ends up being broken up, the topic of discussion is not always clear, and long sentences are devoid of any meaning.

Reasoners can answer simple questions with very long arguments. They often use off-topic terminology, discuss subjects that are not relevant to the situation, and use a lot of introductory words and complex speech structures. Their speech is filled with assessments, illogical conclusions, and generalizations.

The manifestation of reasoning thinking in schizophrenia may differ in nature, which is directly influenced by the patient’s personality traits. Based on clinical studies, we can distinguish such variants of schizophrenic reasoning as:

• Pedantic, with ostentatious wit, a lot of stupid jokes, and an inability to understand the irony and humor of others. Such people easily make contact, have a fairly lively intellect, but are not particularly tactful. They can use stupid and banal expressions with pathetic intonations.
• Pretentious, combining subtle perception, autistic judgment, observation, hyperaestheticity and flattening of affect.
• Mannered and resonant, in which a person has a tendency to cliched, stereotypical phrases, irrational, meaningless statements. Patients often discuss various topics only from a formal point of view.

In addition to schizophrenic, there are other types of reasoning.

1. Epileptic. It is closer to the behavior of a normal person and is aimed at dialogue. In this case, the reasoner strives to be heard, but his speech remains overly pretentious and is of a moralizing, didactic nature.
2. Organic is the easiest version of reasoning; it is aimed at the interlocutor and more often arises due to some difficult circumstances. But the tendency to reasoning of this kind is still painful and uncontrollable; elements of inappropriate pathos and moralizing appear in speech.

According to the predominant features of speech and the most attractive topics, reasoning is classified as follows.

1. Mannered and resonant type. Characterized by a tendency to discuss the formal side of the problem, stereotypical and irrational thinking.
2. An artsy guy. Here mannerism predominates, the patient strives to express himself aesthetically and subtly, his judgments are autistic.
3. Pedantic type. Patients think in stereotyped ways, express their positions pathetically, and are prone to flat jokes combined with a lack of a sense of humor.

Reasoning is manifested by typical changes in judgments, including:

• tendency to generalize when discussing even the most insignificant objects,
• the patient's assessment position,
• verbose, pretentious expressions that clearly do not correspond to the situation,
• patients use characteristic grammatical structures: special syntax, vocabulary, there are many introductory words and inversions in speech,
• the choice of subject of discussion does not correspond to the situation,
• lack of self-criticism,
• pretentiousness of speech,
• confidence in the significance of what is being said,
• the use of numerous terms, often not related to the topic under discussion,
• tendency to long, verbose discussions.

Patients with reasoning do not need listeners. With outwardly undisturbed behavior and a preserved assessment of the world around them, they are able to talk for hours on topics that interest them, without showing any interest in the presence or attention of their interlocutors.

Another very characteristic symptom for patients with resonant thinking is “ragged” speech. This disorder is characterized by the following features:

• In the patient's lengthy reasoning there is no general idea.
• Patients are not interested in the attention of their interlocutors, they do not show any interest in other people, their speeches do not imply a response from the audience.
• In the speech of patients it is impossible to identify any specific object of reflection.

Patients are prone to lengthy discussions about abstract issues not related to everyday reality. Their speech is stilted, filled with pathetic discussions about banal, everyday problems.

Patients actively use hyperbolization and epithets; all their adjectives are raised to superlatives.

The members of a sentence are often arranged in a non-standard order to give monumentality and solemnity to phrases.

Thus, the speech of patients with reasoning is devoid of the main features characteristic of human thinking and communication. For patients, speech is not a way of conveying information to others; they do not use it as a thinking tool.

Types of pathology

Modern medicine distinguishes 3 types.

Classic

Classic (schizophrenic) - the patient is trying to TELL THE WORLD something! At the same time, there is a fixation on minor details, about which the patient begins to pour out abstract judgments.

At the same time, it is characterized by special vocabulary and pathos, the pose of the speaker and the described small themes in the content of his speech, which is essentially a monologue.

During examinations, they are determined by the example of revealing the meaning of proverbs. Examples of this type of reasoning:

The doctor invites the patients to explain the meaning of the proverb “all that glitters is not gold” - the patient initially answers standardly: “The meaning is that one must pay attention to the inner content of a person, and not to his appearance,” but after thinking he adds (as in the old joke ): “But from the point of view of dialectics (banal erudition), this is not correct, since there is a concept of unity of form and content, and based on this, you need to pay attention to appearance.”

Reasoning can also manifest itself in people with a normal psyche in difficult emotional situations, such as an exam, and in most cases it occurs arbitrarily; in pathology, the patient engages in reasoning, regardless of the complexity of the topic of reasoning.

Epileptic appearance

Epileptic - more similar to the reasoning of a normal person than to the classical one, it arises in the process of communication and is characterized by a compensatory nature, but at the same time it is distinguished by a special coloring of the statement - moralizing and moralizing.

Organic

Organic - has the greatest similarity with healthy reasoning, statements are addressed to the interlocutor and arises with various difficulties in conversation.

A characteristic feature is commentary speech when performing certain stages of the program and manifests itself in the form of loud speech.

“Seguin Boards” are usually used (boards with recesses for various figures and components of figures). The cause is diseases affecting the right hemisphere and the anterior parts of the left.

Classification and characteristic features of reasoning. Diagnosis and treatment

Reasoning is a thinking disorder characterized by lengthy and detailed reasoning that does not carry any real meaning and does not answer the question asked. The patient operates with superficial and well-known facts, drawing obvious conclusions from them and presenting them as information of incredible importance and depth.

Such patients are extremely verbose and tend to use complex verbal structures and intricate logical chains. As a result, the goal of reasoning becomes the reasoning itself, and not the answer to the question asked or the solution to the problem.

Characteristic signs of reasoning

Reasoning is manifested by typical changes in judgments, including:

• tendency to generalize when discussing even the most insignificant objects,
• the patient's assessment position,
• verbose, pretentious expressions that clearly do not correspond to the situation,
• patients use characteristic grammatical structures: special syntax, vocabulary, there are many introductory words and inversions in speech,
• the choice of subject of discussion does not correspond to the situation,
• lack of self-criticism,
• pretentiousness of speech,
• confidence in the significance of what is being said,
• the use of numerous terms, often not related to the topic under discussion,
• tendency to long, verbose discussions.

Patients with reasoning do not need listeners. With outwardly undisturbed behavior and a preserved assessment of the world around them, they are able to talk for hours on topics that interest them, without showing any interest in the presence or attention of their interlocutors.

Another very characteristic symptom for patients with resonant thinking is “ragged” speech. This disorder is characterized by the following features:

• In the patient's lengthy reasoning there is no general idea.
• Patients are not interested in the attention of their interlocutors, they do not show any interest in other people, their speeches do not imply a response from the audience.
• In the speech of patients it is impossible to identify any specific object of reflection.

Patients are prone to lengthy discussions about abstract issues not related to everyday reality. Their speech is stilted, filled with pathetic discussions about banal, everyday problems.

Patients actively use hyperbolization and epithets; all their adjectives are raised to superlatives.

The members of a sentence are often arranged in a non-standard order to give monumentality and solemnity to phrases.

Thus, the speech of patients with reasoning is devoid of the main features characteristic of human thinking and communication. For patients, speech is not a way of conveying information to others; they do not use it as a thinking tool.

As mental illness worsens, the picture of reasoning changes. The psychiatric defect and impoverishment, flattening of the personality become more obvious. The speech of patients is saturated with automatisms and cliches, gradually losing its meaningful side.

Diagnosis of reasoning

Reasoning is revealed during a conversation with the patient. For this purpose, a pathopsychological experiment is used - specially selected questions and tasks. When constructing these questions, the patient’s personal characteristics are taken into account to strengthen his evaluative position and clarify the patient’s opinion on various issues.

For example, a classic way to identify a violation of the logic of thinking is the interpretation of proverbs - the patient is asked to explain how he understands this expression. To identify reasonableness, the patient is additionally asked to express his attitude to this proverb.

Another way to provoke resonant judgments is to ask for a definition of a concept.

A typical example of resonant thinking is the patient’s reasoning about the law of universal gravitation, Newton and science in general in response to a request to explain the proverb “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.”

An example of a poem written by sick reasoning. And the light of oscillating lava galloped into the dark thicket, where the devouring horde of teeth rounded an oval. Not the night of a roaring stronghold with fog woven from ice, but an overripe yellow melon

the late moon was rolling.

The madman whittled out the craft. It was his living portrait. The portrait moved its jaws

And he made scary eyes.

The hetman's lead whip struck. The earth began to spin in the head of the proletarian father.

He fell, trying to maintain the balance of the planet...

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for resentment. Its correction is carried out in parallel with the treatment of the underlying disease. Accordingly, the range of methods used is quite wide - from psychotherapy to active drug treatment with antipsychotics, anticonvulsants or tranquilizers.

The success of treatment depends on the severity of the causative pathology. If treatment is started early, the condition may improve.

Symptoms

When discussing any issues, patients with reasoning refer to highly scientific methods, trying to seem smart and pathetic, but the pathetic tone against the background of inadequate claims and inflated self-esteem completely displaces full-fledged evidence. The main depravity of reasoning thinking is its unproductivity, ineffectiveness and meaninglessness. The patient’s words are “overgrown” with an imaginary logic of mental constructs, behind which lies only the banality of thinking, emptiness, and stinginess.

A page from the diary of a person suffering from reasoning

This thinking disorder is distinguished by the grammatical structure of speech, the fluidity of the process and the pace.

The patient exhibits incoherence (words or phrases spoken without a logical connective: “chair, horse, 45”), verbalization (meaningless repetition of the same sounds, words or only their endings), speech stereotypes (use of a question when answering, cliched phrases : “so what was I talking about”, “what is my name? My name is too well known...”) These symptoms of a thought disorder relate to a specific structure of speech.

Based on the liveliness and mobility of the process, a patient with reasoning can be recognized by the following signs:

1. 1. Viscosity - it is impossible to figure out the initial thought and track the entire flow of the conversation.
2. 2. Circumstances - systematically focusing attention on side associations and details.
3. 3. Details - secondary topics and non-existent details penetrate into the general flow of the conversation.

The patient can be recognized by the pace of thinking, which also varies:

1. 1. Sperrung, blockage or stoppage - absence of thought and the resulting involuntary break in the thought process. The patient thought, and then - stop, and the flow of thoughts froze.
2. 2. Acceleration - increased speed of information processing, decision making and idea generation. The patient does this at an accelerated pace, noticeably faster than those around him. The condition is characteristic of manic states.
3. 3. Mentism is a persistent influx of thoughts that invade the measured thought process and prevent a person from performing certain activities. An example of reasoning: while watching a romantic film, thoughts came to mind on the topic of astrophysics.
4. 4. Slowdown - a protracted process of thinking through thoughts and loss of the ability to make decisions.

Reasoning thinking - what is it?

There is not a single person who has not encountered people who speak beautifully and figuratively, use numerous epithets and hyperboles, but it is not possible to understand what they are talking about. This behavior refers to personal-motivational disorders and is called “reasoning.”

Reasoning – what is it?

Reasoning is a disorder of mental activity, expressed in a tendency to complex, intricate reasoning that does not lead to a specific goal.

Persons suffering from this disorder are eloquent and verbose, but operate with concepts superficially, turning to the direct lexical meaning of words, not paying attention to the nuances of their use and the meaning of the story.

The reasoner does not need to be heard and understood; he speaks solely for the sake of the speaking process.

Types of advocacy

In addition to schizophrenic, there are other types of reasoning.

1. Epileptic
   . It is closer to the behavior of a normal person and is aimed at dialogue. In this case, the reasoner strives to be heard, but his speech remains overly pretentious and is of a moralizing, didactic nature.
2. Organic
   is the easiest version of reasoning; it is aimed at the interlocutor and more often arises due to some difficult circumstances. But the tendency to reasoning of this kind is still painful and uncontrollable; elements of inappropriate pathos and moralizing appear in speech.

According to the predominant features of speech and the most attractive topics, reasoning is classified as follows.

1. Mannered and resonant type
   . Characterized by a tendency to discuss the formal side of the problem, stereotypical and irrational thinking.
2. Pretentious type
   . Here mannerism predominates, the patient strives to express himself aesthetically and subtly, his judgments are autistic.
3. Pedantic type
   . Patients think in stereotyped ways, express their positions pathetically, and are prone to flat jokes combined with a lack of a sense of humor.

Reasoning - treatment

There are no special techniques for treating a disorder such as reasoning thinking. Resonance is treated in parallel with the underlying disease, and the choice of corrective measures depends on the nature and severity of the disease. This can be either potent medications or psychotherapy.

Psychological research

Thus, from the point of view of clinical psychiatry, reasoning is a pathology of thinking itself, however, psychological studies (T.I. Tepenitsyna) have shown that this is a violation not so much of intellectual operations as of the personality as a whole (increased affectivity, inadequate attitude, the desire to let down anyone, even the most insignificant phenomenon under some “concept”).

Research has shown that “...inadequacy, reasoning of patients, their verbosity appeared in cases where there was affective preoccupation, an excessive narrowing of the circle of meaning-forming motives, an increased tendency to “value judgments”” ( Zeigarnik B.V.

, 1987). Affectivity is also manifested in the very form of the statement: meaningful, with inappropriate pathos. Sometimes only the intonation of the subject allows us to regard the statement as resonant (that’s why what is described in textbooks on psychopathology looks so faded - there is no emotionality in intonations).

Resonance: in simple words. Reasoner

The word "resonance" is used by people every day in a variety of different ways. It is pronounced by politicians and TV presenters, written by scientists in their works, and studied by schoolchildren in lessons. This word has several meanings relating to different areas of human activity.

Where does the word resonance come from?

We all learn what resonance is for the first time from a school physics course. In scientific dictionaries, this term is given a detailed explanation from the point of view of mechanics, electromagnetic radiation, optics, acoustics and astrophysics.

From a technical point of view, resonance is a phenomenon of the response of an oscillatory system not an external influence. When the periods of influence and response of the system coincide, a resonance occurs - a sharp increase in the amplitude of the oscillations in question.

The simplest example of mechanical resonance is given in his works by the medieval scientist Toricelli.
A precise definition of the phenomenon of resonance was given by Galileo Galilei in his work on pendulums and the sound of musical strings. What electromagnetic resonance is was explained in 1808 by James Maxwell, the founder of modern electrodynamics.
You can find out what “resonance” is not only in Wikipedia, but in the following reference publications:

• physics textbooks for grades 7-11;
• physical encyclopedia;
• scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary;
• dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language;
• philosophical encyclopedia.

Resonance in polemics and rhetoric

The word “resonance” acquired another meaning in the field of social sciences. This word refers to the public’s response to a certain phenomenon in people’s lives, a certain statement, or incident.

Typically, the word “resonance” is used when something causes many people to have a similar and very strong reaction at the same time. There is even a commonly used expression “wide public resonance”, which is a speech cliche.

It is best to avoid it in your own speech, written or oral.

In the philosophical dictionary, resonance is interpreted as a concept that has a figurative meaning and is understood as agreement or like-mindedness of two people, two souls in compassion, sympathy or antipathy, empathy or indignation.

Echo, impression, echo - this is how the dictionary of foreign words explains the figurative meaning of the word resonance. In this sense, this word is often used to evaluate certain cultural works, plays, concerts, books.

In the meaning of “strong response”, “unanimous assessment”, the word resonance is very popular with politicians, speakers, and announcers. It helps to convey an emotional upsurge, a unanimous impulse, and emphasize the significance of what is happening.

Where do we meet resonance?

In the literal sense, the word resonance should be used in relation to many natural processes occurring around us. All children who ride on a regular swing or carousel on a playground exploit mechanical resonance.

Housewives, heating food in the microwave, use electromagnetic resonance. The television and radio broadcasting network, the operation of mobile phones and wifi for the Internet are built on the principles of resonance.

Sound resonance allows us to enjoy music or indulge in echoes in mountains and indoor spaces where the walls do not have sufficient sound insulation. The operation of echo sounders and many other measuring instruments is based on the principle of acoustic resonance.

Classification by type of psychopathology

The reasons for rational thinking may be associated with mental illness, organic brain damage, certain personal qualities (excessive need for self-affirmation, pride), schizoid or hysterical personality disorder, changes in the field of motivation. Reasoning against the background of mental illness is accompanied by profound disturbances in thinking, affective disorders, and distortion of values. Based on the type of psychopathology, the following types of reasoning are distinguished:

• Organic
  - manifests itself in mental retardation and damage to brain tissue, mainly the right and anterior regions of the left hemisphere. It is distinguished by the commentary nature of its statements, closest to the reasoning manner of mentally healthy people.
• Schizophrenic
  – characteristic of people suffering from various types of schizophrenia. Characterized by pretentious, emotional speeches, a tendency toward pretension, evaluation, abstraction, and increased attention to unimportant topics.
• Epileptic
  – develops with epilepsy, manifests itself in dialogue. The reasoning of an epileptic is characterized by a penchant for moralizing, reasoning on the topic of morality, and vivid emotional statements.