Instant hypnosis. The power of suggestion, techniques, techniques Viktor Zaitsev, 2013

Victor Zaitsev - Instant hypnosis. The power of suggestion, techniques, techniques

Victor Borisovich Zaitsev

Instant hypnosis. The power of suggestion, techniques, techniques

Introduction

We have all heard about mysterious stories when a person, being hypnotized, did not remember his actions, although a few seconds before he had committed very strange actions.

We've probably watched many films in which this theme served as the main driver of the plot. A lot of modern detectives base their intrigue on hypnosis, although lately this has already been considered bad form; the explanation turns out to be too simple.

From time to time, newspaper articles appear about how a man entered a bank, instantly hypnotized the teller, and he gave him all the cash. The fraudster has disappeared, the cashier does not remember anything except the piercing gaze of the stranger.

Many are understandably suspicious of such stories, although they do happen all the time. This topic is more than relevant for the modern situation. And not only because someone dreams of learning instant hypnosis in order to subjugate people, but someone, on the contrary, wants to be as protected as possible from the negative influences of someone else’s will.

In order to understand this phenomenon, we will have to consider the mechanism of the work of consciousness, which allows a person to plunge into a trance. We will follow step by step how this happens, we will provide exercises that will help you gain the desired degree of concentration, and we will tell you about ways to suppress the will of others and resist such attempts.

Instant hypnosis can be a very powerful weapon. But, like any weapon, it can be used for a variety of purposes. The moral aspect of the problem is on your conscience. But remember that you have to pay for everything, sometimes very expensively. And the price of retribution can significantly exceed the immediate benefit from the successful use of hypnotic techniques.

Let’s say right away that it is impossible to learn instant hypnosis in 5 minutes. But, paradoxically, the vast majority of people already possess the necessary skills and, moreover, unconsciously put them into practice every day.

To some extent, we are all in a state of hypnosis 24 hours a day. We are hypnotized by literally everything - from the view outside the window to the monitor panel. Scientists call this state “consensual trance.” The question is whether we are satisfied with this state, or whether we want to change it. And if we want, then why? Do we need to change it radically, or can we limit ourselves to small adjustments that will help us function more successfully? Would it be comfortable for you to “wake up” and discover that the world is not at all the way you are used to seeing it?

Of course, this is not the film “The Matrix”, everything is not so fatal and not so magical. But everyday life can sometimes be a much more dizzying example for honing the mastery of mindfulness, without which neither hypnosis nor methods of resisting it are possible.

Street (gypsy) hypnosis

To begin with, we will not dive deeply into theory, but consider such an ordinary and familiar to many of you immersion in a trance during communication with gypsies. This is a good example of instant hypnosis, which some of you may have had the misfortune to experience.

So, what is this unpleasant and dangerous phenomenon? The essence of instant gypsy hypnosis is that a fraudster (usually a gypsy fortune teller) approaches a passerby on the street and, using hypnosis, deprives him of the money and material assets that he has on him. Tens of thousands of people in Russia succumb to criminal hypnosis every year.

Mysterious gypsies

In many ways, the degree of suggestibility here depends on the aura of mystery that has hovered over the gypsies for centuries. And this is already the first degree of hypnosis. We know in advance that they can do this and that they will definitely do it. Someone tried to check and fell for their bait. Someone was able to avoid trouble. But it is very important to understand that we are confident in their abilities in advance, and only this helps the phenomenon of instant hypnosis to manifest itself in all its “glory.”

Gypsies are an ancient Indian untouchable caste that practiced music, dancing and singing. In 420 AD e. this caste left (or was expelled) from India and began to settle throughout the world. Gypsies appeared in Rus' in the middle of the 5th century. and called themselves "Luri". In the modern world there are about 40 million Roma, consisting of twenty main Roma ethnic groups. Within each ethnic group there is a smaller division into “nations”. The next division is into clans, the names of which come from the name of the revered ancestor.

“Gypsy hypnosis” is hypnosis in a state of wakefulness, but with a small focus of attention. Immersed in a “gypsy” conversational trance, a person seems to “withdraw into himself” and for a short time continues to perform externally meaningful actions, without realizing this and without remembering them after the end of the “session”.

Gypsy hypnosis is used mainly to imperceptibly briefly immerse a person in a state of controlled contact and extract certain material benefits.

Elements of the methodology

The technique of hypnosis has been known to gypsies for a long time, and this “gift” is passed down from generation to generation through the female line. All gypsies are excellent psychologists and physiognomists, and this is precisely their gift, but not everyone has unconventional abilities to influence people and clairvoyance. Gypsies who have an innate gift are professionals, it is they who come into contact with their victim, the rest - without abilities - fall into the role of distracters.

The art of “charming teeth,” as well as fortune-telling, is taught to a gypsy from childhood. By the age of ten you can already understand whether a gypsy has a talent as a hypnotist.

The gypsies themselves consider the innate gift of fraud through hypnosis to be divine, and refusing it is a terrible sin.

From a medical point of view, the secret of gypsy hypnosis is that the scammer turns off her victim’s left hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for assessing the situation and controlling behavior. Only the right hemisphere is active, which is responsible for feelings and imagination. A person stops assessing reality and lives only by emotions. When you are in this state, you can be controlled like a robot.

Also, the principle of operation of gypsy hypnosis is explained by the “hyper-wakefulness theory.” According to it, hypnosis is a state of the cerebral cortex in which one of its areas is hyper-awake. Thanks to this focus of hyperexcitation, a person, obeying the commands of the hypnotist, believes that he is acting of his own free will, without coercion.

What a gypsy says during hypnosis is either not consciously perceived by a person at all, or is perceived uncritically. It turns out that in order to hypnotize a person, you only need to create in the cortex of his brain a center of hyperexcitation, which the theory speaks of. To create such a hearth, many methods and techniques are used. The most frequently used techniques include breaking the pattern, chattering, and overloading consciousness.

Stages of gypsy hypnosis

First, your attention is attracted by some phrase, such as a request for a light, to help you find a canteen (and then, as if in gratitude for the service, he offers to tell your fortune for free), or a direct offer to tell your fortune. Someone passes by, and someone responds to the words of the gypsy, thereby allowing the transition to the next stage of hypnosis.

The gypsy begins fortune telling with a touch - she takes your hand. The palms are directly connected to the subcortex of the brain. Soft strokes lull the mind.

At that moment, when you relax, the gypsy says something monotonously and quickly, but not always intelligibly. Thus, it overloads your brain. Under the influence of this stream of incomprehensible words, it seems to turn off for a short time, you enter a state of semi-trance.

Sometimes this happens to you without the influence of other people: for example, when you admire the landscape passing outside the window from the bus and after some time you switch off, plunging into a trance.

The fortune teller uses your state of altered consciousness for her own purposes. She begins to make suggestions: she foreshadows some terrible problems, trouble with loved ones. In a state of trance, you cannot perceive her words critically and believe every word of the fraudster, believe in her supernatural abilities.

In fact, gypsies are not clairvoyants at all, they simply use our subconscious, forcing us to believe what it tells us. Gypsies speak in meaningful but vague phrases so that you yourself can put your own content into these words. Everyone knows such phrases as “A long road awaits you,” “Interest in the government house,” and others.

While you are in a trance state, the part of your brain that controls behavior is switched off. Only imagination works.

What influences suggestibility? Definition of suggestion, hypnosis, clinical application of “waking suggestion”

Factors influencing suggestibility, therapeutic use of suggestion for the treatment of phobias and psychosomatics.

Suggestibility

Suggestibility is the tendency to accept suggestions from other people and behave in accordance with them. Suggestibility can also manifest itself in memory processes, when a person adjusts his memories to repeated information from the outside. [1]

A person who experiences intense emotions is usually more accepting of ideas and more suggestible. Moreover, suggestibility usually decreases with age. And the level of suggestibility varies from person to person. In particular, suggestibility is influenced by individual levels of self-esteem and assertiveness, which has led to the creation of the concept of a suggestibility spectrum. [2]

Definition

Attempts to isolate the isolated personality trait of suggestibility have failed due to the inability of diagnostic procedures to distinguish measurable differences between different types of suggestibility [3].

• suggestibility as a result of communication or expectation, when individual reactions are implemented without will, as automatism
• Suggestibility is the independent use of imagination or mental strategies that evoke an involuntary reaction in response to communication or expectation.
• suggestibility as an uncritical but conscious belief in what other people say
• suggestibility as an external demonstration of compliance with external norms and expectations of other people, without subjective acceptance or belief in these norms (conformism)

Wagstaff's opinion states that “the true response to hypnotic suggestion is a reaction caused not by the will, but exclusively without the will of the subject, and perhaps even in spite of it [4]. And it is precisely this state of affairs that reflects the real essence of hypnotic suggestibility.”

In 2004, however, self-report measures of suggestibility became available, allowing suggestibility to be isolated and studied as a personality trait. [5]

About hypnotherapy. What is regression hypnosis and hypnotherapy? Review of treatment for fear of the dark

Experiments in hypnosis: hypnotic phenomena in deep hypnosis (somnambulism). Hypnosis training

Examples of suggestibility

Suggestibility can be observed in people's everyday lives.

• A schoolboy witnessed a quarrel between classmates. However, when asked afterwards about the "big fight", he distorts his memories, exaggerating the significance of the quarrel and already perceiving it as a big fight.
• The parents told their child that he sings well, and from that moment on, the child believes it, although in fact the parents simply lied.
• A professor might deceive his psychology students and ask “suggestibility is the distortion of memory through suggestion and misinformation, correct?” It is likely that the audience will agree with this, believing in the authority of the teacher, although in fact the effect of misinformation was meant.

However, sometimes suggestibility has extreme manifestations, which can lead to disastrous consequences.

• A witness changes his testimony as a result of distorted memories caused by the fact that the investigator asked incorrect questions.
• A young girl begins to suffer from migraines, which leads to insomnia and depression. She turned to a psychotherapist who was based on Freudian theory and constantly questioned her about her sexual relationship with her father. As a result, at some point, the girl made up memories related to her father molesting her, which led to her father being convicted and her being placed in a foster home.[6]

Hypnosis

Hypnotic suggestibility is a personality trait that reflects differences between people in their tendency to respond to hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions. Standardized studies of measures of hypnotic suggestibility have shown that there are significant differences between people on this variable [7]

The extent to which a subject may or may not be suggestible is of major importance in the scientific study of hypnosis and its associated phenomena. Most researchers in this field start from the fact that it is suggestibility that determines the ability to induce a hypnotic trance, or rather the depth of hypnosis that a given individual can achieve in a given context, with a given hypnotherapist, and given a given set of beliefs, expectations and instructions.

Dr. John Kappas (1925-2002) identified three types of suggestibility that can affect the state of hypnosis.

1. Emotional suggestibility. Suggestibility, related to a person's emotional responsiveness, which is usually associated with the hypnoid stage. Such suggestibility is more due to rational inferences than to the acceptance of direct suggestions.
2. Physical suggestibility. Suggestibility refers to the degree to which the body reacts to suggestions. What is meant here is the influence of direct suggestion on the body, which is associated primarily with the cataleptic or deeper stages.
3. Intellectual suggestibility. A type of suggestibility in which the subject is afraid of falling under control and constantly tries to analyze, deny or rationalize everything said by the operator. With this type of suggestibility, the operator must provide a logical rationale for each of his suggestions and allow the subject to think that he is putting himself into hypnosis.

However, it is still not clear what suggestibility is. It is both a clear variable and a factor that is extremely difficult to control and measure.

Here are a number of controversial issues regarding suggestibility.

• Is suggestibility a permanent personality trait or is it a learned skill/acquired habit?
• Is suggestibility chemically or genetically determined?
• Are there factors or symptoms of suggestibility activation?
• Is suggestibility similar to the function of learning?
• Is suggestibility a consequence of language acquisition and empathy?
• perhaps suggestibility is just a biased terminology to describe people's ability to be open to new ideas
• perhaps suggestibility is the result of a symbiotic relationship between people
• Is suggestibility related to the ability to empathize and communicate?
• whether suggestibility is influenced by sympathy and similarity between therapist and client or speaker and listener
• Suggestibility is an advantage or a disadvantage, or something neutral.

Conceptually, hypnotizability has always been understood as increased suggestibility. In practice, hypnotizability is measured as suggestibility following induction. However, the data show that these are different constructs. Although hypnotic induction significantly increases suggestibility, the correlation between hypnotic and non-hypnotic suggestibility is not as strong, and measurement scales are better at predicting waking suggestibility than hypnotizability.[8]

There is a fairly extensive number of studies that confirm the effectiveness and legitimacy of hypnotherapy, however, without a clear understanding and methods of measuring the subject's suggestibility, it is impossible to give a clear forecast of the process and outcome of treatment.

Moreover, this problem significantly hampers the development of hypnotherapy protocols. As a result, we can only say that although some methods of persuasion are more universal than others, there is nothing better yet than an individual approach to the client by studying his motivational, emotional and behavioral styles. Few therapists do not study the history of the client they are working with.

Autonomy

The issue of individual differences in suggestibility is reflected even in the works of the ancient Greeks, and in particular Aristotle, who wrote:

“The smartest people are those who can accept an idea without necessarily believing it.”[9]

And this is perhaps the most accurate reflection of the experience of practicing hypnotherapists and hypnotists. When one is absorbed in someone else's inspiring words that convey ideas and ways of thinking, subjective attention is drawn to them because of their logic, aesthetics, and the relevance of the hypnotist's words to the person's personal experiences and motivations.

In a natural state of trance, as well as in those that are purposefully induced by a therapist, a person’s critical abilities are reduced. And this poses a problem for us, because a person must “be sure to believe in what is said,” and it turns out that suggestibility goes against human autonomy [10].

Susceptibility

Popular media and lay articles often equate the terms "suggestible" and "receptive", depending on the degree to which a person responds to suggestion. These two words are not synonymous, but the second term often avoids the negative connotation that is attached to a person’s suggestibility.

In the scientific literature and research on hypnosis, the term "suggestibility" describes a neutral psychological and possibly physiological state or phenomenon. And this differs from the generally accepted cultural meaning of the word “suggestible.” Both terms unfairly have negative connotations in society.

Being suggestible does not mean being gullible. The latter term presupposes a certain attitude towards the information coming to the observer. But being open to suggestion has nothing to do with the accuracy of the suggestions received, nor with whether their objective verification is possible (as is the case with metaphysical faith).

Some therapists pre-diagnose clients with suggestibility because clients often have beliefs that contradict suggestibility, such as that one must believe in an idea even when there are better options, or that one should not be persuaded.

The term “susceptibility” implies increased anxiety of a person in relation to a particular stimulus. Essentially, these are negative expectations of a person, which themselves are based on hypnotic suggestion. Hypnotic suggestions include terms, phrases or entire concepts, where understanding a given concept also implies the creation of a corresponding subjective experience that creates the preconditions for a certain reaction.

Language acquisition

Cognition occurs before the decision-making process. Thus, the concept that needs to be known must exist before the body reacts. Such concepts are either suggested by the mind itself as a reaction to other suggestions, or are suggested by other people.

Suggestion directs a person's thought to notice a new concept or category of the world and offers new perspectives that can later influence the choice of actions and create triggers for automatic responses (for example, returning a smile), or, finally, indicate specific types of behavior. In hypnotherapy, usually with the help of suggestion, they form the desired result in the client, while personalizing it to the needs, motives and motivations of the client.

Suggestion through experience or social influence

Suggestion does not have to be verbal. A smile, a glance, a wink, a doctor's white coat - all these are suggestive stimuli that make us automatically react in a certain way. And usually the hypnotherapist uses these elements in his work.

Based on this theory, being under the influence of suggestion can be characterized as a manifestation of behavioral compliance without personal acceptance or belief. That is, as actions that are not consistent with a person’s own will and his belief system, which destroys the autonomy and self-expression of the individual. In much the same way, we repress emotions through rational choice.

Experimental and clinical applications

The use of hypnosis varies widely depending on the goals.

Experimental hypnosis answers the question “What will my group of subjects do if, in the same context, I give them the ABC suggestion” (the dependent variable is the reaction of the subjects)

Clinical hypnosis answers the question “What can I say to this specific subject in this context to achieve goal XYZ” (dependent variable - suggestion)

Sociocognitive theory of hypnotic suggestibility

According to social psychological concepts of hypnotic suggestibility, such as Nicholas Spanos's role theory, subjects do not enter into any distinct psychological or physiological state that could be called hypnosis. They simply act on the basis of social pressure, i.e. It is easier for them to obey than not to obey. Although this view does not challenge the possibility that people under hypnosis experience hypnosis, it does argue that hypnotic mechanisms are socially determined and therefore do not require any explanation based on an altered state of consciousness. [eleven]

Me and Others (1971). Felix Sobolev

Brain capabilities (creative hypnosis by Raikov).

Childhood

A child's mind grows and develops, and is constantly filled with new ideas from surrounding sources. This leads to the fact that children are more suggestible, which allowed scientists to identify the main factors of such suggestibility.

Internal factors.

Age. Children have a distinctive ability to remember events from their lives. The real age difference in suggestibility lies in the amount of detail in the memory. Older children remember events in more detail, while younger children may need help in remembering from adults[12]. The problem with suggestible people is that they mix different events into one memory. Children, especially younger ones, tend to include similar details in memories that are not actually related to the event, which shows that age is critical to the level of suggestibility.

Preconceptions and prior knowledge. Preconceptions about an event can be dangerous when working with children. Yes, such knowledge in the work of a specialist can sometimes resurrect the corresponding memories, but often it also leads to false memory. For example, if children are shown a particular situation several times, they may well write it into their memories.

Extracting meaning. Although children are extremely prone to false memories, they will also remember false information in a current situation if it is similar to familiar information. Scientists have called this distortion global meaning, which means that an individual tends to connect various events with each other. In this way, children will awaken false information related to current representations of the situation.

External factors

Interviewer bias. Interviewer bias is the preconceived opinion of the person being interviewed that affects the outcome of the interview itself. This happens because the interviewer focuses only on information that confirms his hypothesis and rejects information that does not correspond to it. And it is precisely this distortion that is usually observed when surveying children.

Repeated questions. It has been shown that frequent repetition of the same questions when interviewing a child causes the child to change his answer in favor of this question. This is due not only to false memory, but also to the child’s belief that if a question is repeated, it means he answered incorrectly and needs to change his answer. [13]

Interviewer's tone. Children are extremely sensitive to a person's intonation, especially in a questioning situation. If a person dictates a question to a child with a certain intonation, then he will most likely create false memories associated with the question. For example, a positive tone usually leads to more detailed reports about an event, but at the same time less truthful ones.

Interaction with peers. Children's stories are often distorted by information from their peers. Often, when retelling an event, children begin to believe that they themselves were there. [14]

Repetitive misinformation. It has been shown that if false information is woven into an event over several interviews, the child will tend to include this misinformation in his memories.

Extreme situations

In extreme situations, such as sexual abuse, extreme anxiety, abuse, children can be extremely susceptible to suggestibility. It is possible that the child may remember something that did not actually happen [15], or he may be so traumatized that he cannot remember what actually happened.

There has been some research into the effects of anxiety on the encoding and distortion of information after an event or at the time of eventual retrieval on subsequent suggestibility. Thus, the accuracy of memory for non-suggestible subjects was normal and did not depend on anxiety. However, anxiety in the case of suggestible subjects led to severe distortion of information.

Another example can be seen in a study in which memory, suggestibility, stress arousal, and trauma-related psychopathology were examined in 328 children aged 3 to 16 years participating in forensic investigations of abuse and neglect. The children's memory and suggestibility were assessed during a medical examination and venipuncture. Age and higher scores on cognitive functioning were associated with fewer inaccuracies. Additionally, cortisol levels and trauma symptoms in children who reported more dissociative tendencies were associated with increased memory errors. This provides evidence that stressful or traumatic experiences in young children may be influenced by suggestibility [16].

Other cases

It is argued that people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociative identity disorder are more suggestible. Although it is believed that such patients tend to achieve higher levels of hypnotizability, there has been little research to support the claim of increased suggestibility. [17]

Group dynamics, as well as crowd influence, are also examples of suggestibility.

Common examples of suggestible behavior in everyday life are “contagious yawning” (many people begin to yawn after watching someone in a group yawn) and medical student syndrome (a person begins to experience symptoms of a disease after reading or hearing about it). It is also believed that placebo response is based on individual differences in suggestibility. Suggestible people may be more receptive to various forms of alternative medical practices that appear to rely on the patient's belief in the intervention more than on knowledge of the actual mechanism of the treatment. Studies of the effectiveness of medical interventions often involve controlling for individual differences in suggestibility.

Data from the Mental Dimensions Yearbook [18] show that there is still no psychological test for diagnosing suggestibility. And the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale is questionable for this kind of purpose because of its narrow focus.

In addition to health-related consequences, suggestible people may be prone to errors in judgment, such as failing to examine offers critically and falling prey to emotional advertising.

[1] Psychlopedia – Suggestibility.” psychlopedia.wikispaces.com. Retrieved May 17, 2020.

[2] Hooper, Victoria-Rose; Chou, Shihning; Browne, Kevin D. (November 2016). “A systematic review on the relationship between self-esteem and interrogative suggestibility” (PDF). The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 27 (6): 761–785.

[3] Wagstaff G. F. (1991). "Suggestibility: A social psychological approach." Human suggestibility: Advances in theory, research, and application. Florence, Kentucky: Taylor & Frances/Routledge. p. 141.

[4] Wagstaff G. F. (1991). "Suggestibility: A social psychological approach." Human suggestibility: Advances in theory, research, and application. Florence, Kentucky: Taylor & Frances/Routledge. p. 141.

[5] Kotov RI, Bellman SB, Watson DB (2004). "Multidimensional Iowa Suggestibility Scale (MISS): Brief Manual" (PDF). Stony Brook University Medical Center.

[6] “Psychlopedia – Suggestibility.” psychlopedia.wikispaces.com. Retrieved May 17, 2016

[7] Milling LS (April 2008). “Is high hypnotic suggestibility necessary for successful hypnotic pain intervention?” Current Pain and Headache Reports. 12 (2): 98–102.

[8] Kirsch I (July 1997). “Suggestibility or hypnosis: what do our scales really measure?” The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 45 (3): 212–25.

[9] Rock, Hugh (July 2017). "Social Theism: How can the Liberal Idea of ​​God Speak to a Materialist Worldview?". Modern Believing. 58 (3):253–263. doi:10.3828/mb.2017.19

[10] Eisen, Mitchell L.; Quas, Jodi A.; Goodman, Gail S., eds. (1 September 2001). Memory and Suggestibility in the Forensic Interview.

[11] Spanos NP, Barber TX (December 1972). “Cognitive activity during “hypnotic” suggestibility: goal-directed fantasy and the experience of nonvolition.” Journal of Personality. 40(4):510–24

[12] Eisen ML, Goodman GS (December 1998). "Trauma, memory, and suggestibility in children." Development and Psychopathology. 10 (4): 717–38.

[13] Bjorklund DF, Bjorklund BR, Brown RD, Cassel WS (June 1998). "Children's Susceptibility to Repeated Questions: How Misinformation Changes Children's Answers and Their Minds." Applied Developmental Science. 2 (2): 99–111.

[14] Principe GF, Ceci SJ (September 2002). ""I saw it with my own ears": the effects of peer conversations on preschoolers' reports of nonexperienced events." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 83 (1): 1–25.

[15] Milchman MS (April 2008). “Does psychotherapy recover or invent child sexual abuse memories? A case history." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 17 (1): 20–37.

[16] Eisen ML, Goodman GS, Qin J, Davis S, Crayton J (November 2007). "Maltreated children's memory: accuracy, suggestibility, and psychopathology." Developmental Psychology. 43 (6): 1275–94.

[17] Montgomery, Guy H.; Schnur, Julie B.; David, Daniel (July 2011). "The Impact of Hypnotic Suggestibility in Clinical Care Settings". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 59 (3): 294–309.

[18] Buros, Oscar Krisen, 1905-1978. (1972). The Nineteen forty mental measurements yearbook. Gryphon Press.

Scientific basis for hypnosis and hypnotherapy

● Various definitions of hypnosis. Review of scientific articles on the applications of hypnosis in psychology, medicine, and research. ● Scientific articles and studies on the treatment of cancer using hypnotherapy. ● Review of the phenomenon of hypnoanesthesia: the use of hypnosis instead of anesthesia, surgical operations under hypnosis. ● Evidence base for hypnotherapy. Translation of an article from Wikipedia. ● Two series of videos on the history of hypnosis and hypnotherapy. ● How to distinguish real hypnosis from ostentatious one? ● Neurophysiology of hypnosis. Scientific research on hypnosis ● How people are fooled in hypnosis courses.

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SUGGESTION IN A STATE OF NATURAL SLEEP

Sleep is a complexly organized functional state of the brain, during which pronounced physiological and imputation changes are observed in all departments and systems. The body seems to be working at a different energy level. The most striking characteristic of sleep is its cyclicity - the alternation of the phases of slow-wave sleep (SMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). It is obvious that the periodicity of the states of wakefulness and sleep is a circadian rhythm, and this rhythmicity is carried out using the “biological clock” “built-in” in the brain. During FMS (normal sleep), there is a slowdown in the rhythm of breathing and cardiac activity, as well as the appearance of slow waves on the EEG. During FBS or sleep with dreams, rapid eye movements, variability, and irregularity of vegetative manifestations (pulse, breathing, etc.) are observed. The EEG approaches that observed during wakefulness, although it has some features (bursts of alpha waves in the occipital region with a frequency of 1-2 Hz less than during wakefulness, low-voltage activity is detected; flashes of sharp waves with a frequency of 2-3 per second in the central areas of the cortex lasting several seconds and associated in time with rapid eye movements). Currently, a modified classification of sleep stages proposed by I. Kugler (Stuttgart, 1981) is used in clinical practice.

Alpha ( a

) — 8 — 13 per/sec

Beta ( in

) — 13 per/sec

Theta( t

) — 4—7.5 per/sec

Delta ( 6

) - 0.5 - 3.5
per/sec
Analysis of the results of experimental transections of the brain stem at various levels allows us to conclude that the structures responsible for the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, as well as the alternation of FMS and FBS, are located in the brain stem. At the same time, experiments with complete removal of the hemispheres above the thalamus suggest that brainstem mechanisms regulating the sleep-wake cycle can influence descending, cortical and subcortical mechanisms. The mechanisms of regulation of FBS are located mainly in the brain stem (A. Wayne, 1990). FBS alternates with FMS, changes 4-5 times during the night and lasts 6-8 minutes each time, occupying about 20-25% of the total time of behavioral sleep. The first period of FBS occurs 45-90 minutes after falling asleep. When it is deprived, neurotic manifestations are observed. Both normal slow-wave sleep and REM sleep are characterized by a “break in the continuity of the stream of consciousness” with a loss of the ability to be aware of place, time and surroundings. In dreams - experiencing a different situation.

There is a whole range of transitions between the state of sleep and wakefulness.

Sleep can be partial, and the depth of sleep inhibition can be different. During natural sleep, the sleeper often exhibits selective sensitivity to certain stimuli, while other (even stronger) stimuli may have no noticeable effect. This is possible in cases where, during sleep, areas of wakefulness form “guard points.” Through it, the sleeper can maintain rapport with the outside world.

Naturally, sleep with a “guard point” will be partial. Since the phenomenon of rapport is an important prerequisite for the possibility of treatment by suggestion during sleep, we will dwell on them in more detail.

The phenomenon of rapport is not unique to humans. They are also found in the animal world, being biologically viable. In this regard, the ability to maintain a “guard point” during sleep, which arises in the process of adaptation of the organism to environmental conditions, had to be consolidated through natural selection.

V.N. Speransky explained the passage of rapport as follows: “A guard animal vigilantly guards the herd. If danger approaches, it emits a special sound, a signal, and this is enough for the entire herd to be on its feet, ready to flee, defend, etc., depending on the nature of the signal. No other noises filling the forest disturb the herd's sleep. Rapport is maintained between the guard animal and the herd. If it weren’t for him, the herd would die.”

An interesting observation is made by L.A. Orbeli: “The cephalopod octopus has an alternation of sleep and wakefulness. He lies down on the bottom of the aquarium, tucks his legs around him, closes his eyes and sleeps. But out of eight legs, he leaves one leg on duty. Seven legs are entangled around the body, and the eighth sticks up and performs rotational movements all the time. It’s interesting that if you touch his torso or limb with a stick during sleep, he doesn’t wake up, but if you touch his duty leg, he wakes up, releases black paint and generally exhibits a corresponding active reaction.” Obviously, during the mollusk’s sleep, a “guard point” is maintained, through which contact (rapport) with the outside world is carried out. A tired mother may fall asleep next to her baby and not react to noise coming from the street, calls or knocking in the next room. However, it is enough for the slightest rustle coming from the child to appear, and she will immediately wake up. A soldier can sleep soundly without being awakened by the loud sounds of gunfire, but when he hears the alarm given by a sentry, he immediately wakes up. Similarly, a captain on a ship can wake up as soon as the monotonous hum of the machine stops, a miller - if the mill stops and the sound of the mill wheels stops being heard. In all these cases, during natural sleep, a “guard point” is triggered, through which rapport on the part of a certain stimulus is maintained. This “point” is essentially a complex system, including a device that provides signal reception, its comparison, and an effector mechanism capable of causing complete or partial awakening. As shown by the research of A.M. Svyadoscha, a “guard point” during natural sleep can arise if a person falls asleep while perceiving speech and the connection between him and the source of speech continues to be preserved. Especially if you say the following phrases: “Sleep peacefully, don’t wake up. Listen and memorize the words. The next morning you will remember everything . Or if before going to bed he tunes himself to perceive speech, convinces himself that he will sleep and listen to speech without waking up. You can create a “guard point” using other techniques, for example, through preliminary suggestion in reality or in a hypnotic dream. The process of speech perception itself during sleep is not conscious. The subjects are not aware that they are listening to speech, which they perceive as thoughts that appeared spontaneously or arose according to the logical course of actions that unfolded in the dream. Suggestion during natural sleep by whispering phrases to the sleeping person began to be used in the treatment of children N.V. Vyazemsky, C. Burdon and others. The effect of suggestion during natural sleep was often not inferior to the effect during deep hypnosis. Children sometimes talk while sleeping, at which time it is possible to establish verbal contact with them. However, it is usually quickly lost, and attempts to instill something in them in this state rarely succeed. In general, establishing rapport with a person sleeping naturally is difficult, but not impossible. For suggestion during natural sleep, you need to sit at the head of the sleeping person. You can touch his finger and hold it slightly so as not to wake the sleeping person, or put your hand on his forehead (in this case, the depth of sleep inhibition in the sleeping person decreases). Then, for 2-3 minutes, in a quiet whisper, in rhythm with breathing, repeat the words: “ Sleep deeper, sleep deeper .” Suggestion during sleep is made in a quiet, suggestive voice. Then the rhythm of the words begins to slow down and then speed up. If at the same time the breathing rhythm of the sleeping person also begins to speed up and slow down accordingly, contact has been established, and you can move on to suggestions. Before producing them, it is advisable to say to the sleeping person: “ My voice does not wake you, does not awaken you. Sleep deeper, deeper, deeper ." If, while trying to establish rapport, the sleeping person wakes up, you need to ask him to close his eyes and carry out hypnotization, which will be described below. Asking to open your eyes and fix your gaze on any object is inappropriate, as this can lead to dissipation of the drowsy state if awakening from sleep was incomplete. If the awakened person gets scared, this will wake him up completely and he will become alert. The approximate reaction of the awakened person and his bewilderment about what is happening around him, your words making him fall asleep or relax, make immersion in hypnotic sleep difficult for adults. To do this, beforehand during the day or during hypnotic sleep, the patient is told: “From today at night you will hear my voice. Tonight you will hear well what I tell you. My voice will not cause you surprise or wariness. You will hear my voice well without waking up ." Instead of preliminary suggestion, preliminary adjustment to speech perception can be achieved through self-suggestion. To do this, the subject is asked to sit or lie down in a comfortable position and repeat the words several times: “ I will sleep and hear, sleep and hear, sleep and hear without waking up .” Self-hypnosis is more effective if it is carried out in a state of relaxation caused by autogenic training. You can slightly modify the method described above. The treatment is explained to the patient during the day by suggestion during sleep. The text of the suggestion can be recorded on tape. You can place a tape recorder or speaker near the subject's head and turn it on when he is already dozing or has fallen asleep. After the end of the session, the tape recorder is turned off automatically or by the person conducting the suggestion. The suggestion is made at night during the first 15-45 minutes of sleep and then in the morning 1-2 hours before waking up. They sit at a distance of a meter from the sleeping person (it is not recommended to sit on the bed). Then the words are said in a quiet voice: “ Sleep deeper, deeper. My voice does not wake you up, you sleep deeper and deeper. Sleep peacefully, don't wake up. Every day you feel better and better. Sleep well! Your sleep is carefully guarded and guarded ." This is followed by a suggestion formula, for example: “ Now all your attention is focused on what I am saying. Your hands became as if they were downy and airy. They are pulled upward ." At this moment, they lightly touch the sleeping person’s hands, as if nudging. Once you are sure that rapport has been established, you can stand or sit him on the bed and even try to engage in conversation with him. This is easier to do when mumbling at night or sleep-talking. For example, a child with bedwetting (enuresis) is told: “ Now you can hold urine all night. You feel your bladder well. Your crib is always dry and clean. If you need to go to the toilet, you wake up, sit on the potty or go to the toilet. You will no longer be afraid of the dark and scary fairy-tale characters. From today, from this minute, you become brave, strong, courageous ." These words can be repeated many times. At this moment, you can pick up the child and slowly lead him to the toilet or put him on the potty, but at the same time make suggestions commenting on other actions that guide his behavior. For example: “ Now you will get up.” I'll take your hand. Without opening your eyes, you will reach the toilet ." If the child wakes up, the session is postponed to the next night. The child forgets what he perceives at night. This technique can be recommended to be carried out by parents themselves. The possibility of converting night sleep into hypnotic sleep has long been known. For this purpose, you can use the techniques described by L.L. Vasilyev. Approaching a person sleeping in a normal sleep, the hypnotist sits at his head and sits quietly for 2-3 minutes. Then he begins to run his hands along the sleeping person’s body without touching his skin. First, in a quiet voice, so as not to wake the person, and then the hypnotist speaks louder to the sleeping person) o “ Don’t be scared. Continue to sleep peacefully. Continue to sleep. You shouldn't powder yourself. You hear my voice, but you continue to sleep. Sleep deeper, even deeper. You shouldn't wake up. Sleep tight! Now you hear my voice well and continue to sleep. Listen to my words. Sleep tight! They don't disturb you, don't disturb you, don't wake you up. You hear my voice well and continue to sleep. Sleep, sleep even deeper. My voice lulls you to sleep. Now you can answer my questions without waking up! What is your name? Answer! Answer without waking up! What is your name? Answer!” . If the sleeper begins to answer questions without waking up, then the goal has been achieved - normal sleep has turned into hypnotic sleep, and the hypnotist has managed to establish rapport with the sleeper. Now you can boldly move on to a conversation with the sleeping person. You must strive to receive answers to all questions asked. This will indicate a connection between the hypnotist and the patient. Then you can move on to implementing therapeutic suggestions. At the end of the session, it is necessary to say that next time the subject will make contact especially easily and will not wake up. In some patients with obsessive thoughts or fears, suffering from bad habits, there may be selective perception of speech signals (words) addressed to the “sore point”, while there may be no assimilation of speech with neutral content. It is necessary to judge that the speech was perceived by the therapeutic effect (the criterion is unreliable). Suggestion can also be made while asleep. The sleeper is transferred from the sleep state to the drowsy state, contact is established with him, and then he is allowed to fall asleep again. To do this, they put a hand on the head of the sleeping person, he wakes up slightly, and he is asked to perform the simplest actions: “ Raise your hand, higher, even higher.” Continue to sleep. Sleep deeper, deeper ." Next they move on to therapeutic suggestions. Suggestion sessions during natural sleep can be carried out both individually and collectively. Treatment by suggestion during natural sleep is not always easy to implement. When the sleep is too sensitive, superficial, then awakening occurs easily or the indicative reaction is very sharply expressed and a number of repeated sessions are required to extinguish it. Sometimes, on the contrary, the sleep is too deep and it is not possible to achieve rapport with the sleeper. This method is most widely used in the treatment of fears and hysterical symptoms in children. This method is also used to treat masturbation, enuresis, and some bad habits in children. When treating obsessive-compulsive disorders in adults, as well as the phenomena of expectation neurosis, a weakening of obsessive fears and an improvement in overall well-being are sometimes observed. Suggestion formula: “ Don’t think about the painful symptom. If you remember, don’t worry, be completely calm. ”

SUGGESTION IN A STATE OF DRUG SLEEP

Suggestion in a state of narcotic sleep can be carried out only if the sleep is shallow and the patient does not have allergic reactions to this substance. During deep narcotic sleep, inhibition is so deep and widespread that it is not possible to maintain a “guard point” in the cortex through which contact with the sleeper can be maintained. In addition, in such a state it is difficult to evoke the “focus of concentrated excitation” that underlies suggestion in the brain.

The nature of the treatment being performed is explained to the patient and he is placed in a horizontal position. Inject intravenously, very slowly, 2-8 ml of a 10% solution of pentonal, barbamyl (sodium amytal), hexenal, sodium hydroxybutyrate 10 ml of 10% (it is better to administer a 5% solution to weakened patients).

Having reached the desired depth of sleep, it is maintained for several minutes by slowly administering a sleeping pill (the needle is not removed from the vein).

During sleep, therapeutic suggestions are made, after which the patient is given the opportunity to get some sleep.

The most favorable for suggestion is shallow narcotic sleep, which precedes the appearance of analgesia and the development of subsequent amnesia during this period. To control the depth of sleep, the patient is asked to count out loud from 20 in reverse order or perform a simple calculation (for example, always subtract 4 from two-digit numbers) and consider sleep too deep if the patient is not able to complete this task.

In the process of therapeutic suggestions, sometimes there is a revival of traumatic experiences, in connection with which a violent emotional reaction arises, expressed in the form of an affect of fear, melancholy or despair, accompanied by expressive movements. In these cases, in addition to suggestion, response during sleep (narcocatharsis) may also play a role in achieving a therapeutic effect.

Inducing narcotic sleep can be combined with inducing hypnotic sleep.

In this case, you can either give a sleeping pill, and then carry out hypnotization (narcohypnosis), or induce hypnotic sleep, and then give a sleeping pill to deepen it (hypnonarcosis).

At the end of the 19th century. began to use pharmacological drugs to facilitate hypnotization. For the first time, ether and chloroform anesthesia were used. M.E. Teleshevskaya widely used this method under the name narcopsychotherapy and developed a treatment method in detail.

Using this technique, she achieved the elimination of hysterical monosymptoms of many years ago, protracted astheno-hypochondriacal conditions, sleep disorders and emotional disorders in patients with neuroses.

And at this time, the secret services of intelligence departments were developing drugs for manipulating the psyche.

John Marks, a former intelligence officer for the US State Department, writes in one of his works: “No method of controlling the psyche of people has attracted so much attention and caused such fear as hypnosis.”

The history of this issue goes back a long way. Mexican Indians were able to artificially obtain mescaline from the essence of the peyote cactus. The Aztecs called these plants "God's flesh."

The priests already knew that these extracts (intoxicating tinctures) were capable of suppressing and subjugating the will of a person, forcing the “sinner” to repent of his behavior and change his thoughts.

Having heard that a certain mysterious mushroom grows in Mexico, which, due to its properties, could be promising for special operations, the CIA urgently began to determine the veracity of the rumors. However, oddly enough, the “magic mushroom” was found not by a scientist, not by a scout, but by a banker, an amateur mycologist (mycology is the science of mushrooms). This was Gordon Wasson, who, together with his Russian-born wife Valentina, wrote the book Mushrooms, Russia and History.

Having successfully completed an expedition to the virgin forests of Mexico and using the collected material, Roger Heim grew mushrooms from spores that infect rye. The success was amazing. Heim sent samples to Albert Hofmann in Switzerland, who quickly isolated and synthesized the active chemical ingredient, giving it the name “psilocybin.” Having received the powder, CIA officers immediately put it to use. Dr. Harris Isbell in Kentucky administered this drug to nine blacks. After 30 minutes, the experimental subjects began to feel anxious, they were overcome by a feeling of fear, everything seemed to them to be flying somewhere, collapsing, as if a catastrophe was about to break out. It seemed to them that they were flying to the moon, their bodies were being torn to shreds by some dragons, they go crazy, die... They cried, screamed...

In 1943, Hofmann suddenly discovered a new substance called LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). He recalls how he once inadvertently allowed LSD to begin to affect his body. Nightmarish visions appeared, all kinds of illusions appeared, all kinds of devilish things made my head spin.

Hoffman later said: “I was in a trance, I wanted to run, throw myself into the pool, everything was spinning and spinning. There was such a terrible feeling that it seemed that I was about to go crazy, my body seemed to be splitting into two, disappearing somewhere... I didn’t know how it would all end...”

Around the same time, “medics” of the SS and Hitler’s Gestapo in the Dachau concentration camp conducted experiments using narcotic substances that had a strong effect on human consciousness; experimented on prisoners, primarily Russians.

The goal of the SS medical executioners was to find means to suppress the will, paralyze the human psyche, make him forget about his country, his people and, with the help of suggestion and all kinds of drugs, influence the human consciousness in the desired way.

The idea of ​​creating “superweapons” or psychotropic weapons continues to this day.

There is an opinion that with the help of hypnosis a person can be brought into a certain state and transferred to the level of consciousness. At the same time, hypnotics can be carriers of any information that they themselves cannot comprehend, or they can be programmed killers. Maybe there is an element of the “zombie” phenomenon in this, which echoes the fantasies that arise in people.

However, there is some truth in each specific case. So, for example, using a microwave generator at certain frequencies, you can simultaneously suppress the consciousness of many people and instill in them certain behavior or even other people’s ideas.

Social psychology knows ways to influence a person, and methods are being developed to study the patterns of human interaction.

Currently, social and interpersonal relations are considered from the perspective of information exchange (communicative side of communication), as interaction (interactional side of communication) and as people’s perception of each other (perceptual side of communication)

Knowledge of these mechanisms is used in propaganda, where the concept of increasing the effectiveness of influencing an open audience by bringing it to excitement has been developed; in particular, in fascist propaganda, a special service developed ways to involve the audience in a state of ecstasy. In this regard, methods of instilling socio-psychological infection (ritual dancing, laughter, crying, sports excitement in small groups, panic, etc.) can be considered as methods of a kind of psycho-programming of the audience, i.e. relate to methods of manipulative influence on the individual.

METHODS OF HYPNOTIZATION

As for novelty, there is no person who, having become deeply acquainted with science and observing the world, would not be imbued with the firm thought “There is nothing new on Earth”

Francis Bacon

Many of the above techniques for determining the degree of suggestibility and hypnotizability can themselves be used as a method of hypnotization. With their help - using them separately or in combination with verbal suggestion of signs of drowsiness and sleep - it is possible to generally immerse a person in a normal and often even deep hypnotic state. These techniques serve to strengthen the confidence of those who doubt hypnosis, to increase receptivity to hypnosis, but mainly to reveal suggestibility.

In practice, various methods and techniques of hypnotization are used. The first group includes techniques that influence certain analyzers without verbal suggestion. Most often, a mixed method of hypnotization is used. It consists in the simultaneous use of verbal influence and influence on various analyzers - visual, auditory, skin, etc.

Here is what I.P. wrote about this. Pavlov: “Now a constantly used method is repeated words (also pronounced in a minor, monotonous tone) describing the physiological acts of a sleepy state. These words are, of course, conditioned stimuli; for all of us, they are firmly associated with a sleepy state and therefore cause it.”

Immersion into hypnotic sleep is facilitated by everything that leads to the onset of natural sleep, so it is easier to immerse a person who wants to sleep into hypnotic sleep than someone who has had enough sleep. It is easier to hypnotize in the evening than during the day or in the morning, hence it is advisable to conduct the first session in the evening. When hypnotizing, it is better to sit a person in a chair that is comfortable for him or offer him to lie down in the position in which he usually falls asleep, since when a person stands, a large amount of introceptive stimuli from muscles, ligaments, and joints enters the brain, increasing the tonogenic influence of the reticular formation and thus most preventing the onset of sleep. The onset of hypnotic sleep is also facilitated by silence, the absence of bright, irritating light (twilight), that is, a decrease in the flow of irritations entering through the auditory or visual analyzers. It is also important that the chair or bed on which hypnotization is carried out is not cold, and that the environmental conditions are comfortable (average room temperature 18-20°C). I.P. Pavlov gives an example in his works: if an animal cuts the nerve fibers through which

impulses from all senses, it falls asleep for almost a full day and wakes up only for a short period of time.

For the effectiveness of hypnotization, the hypnotist’s posture, gestures, facial expressions, and speech are especially important. The mental impact on a person begins from the moment he sees the hypnotist, and possibly earlier if the team forms an opinion about this person. The entire environment, appearance, behavior must be adapted to continue this impact, to deepen it.

Before starting a hypnotization session, it is recommended to tell the person in detail - of course, taking into account the degree of his awareness and mental development - about hypnosis as a physiological state similar to ordinary sleep. It should be emphasized that hypnotic sleep is not only completely harmless, but, like ordinary sleep, is in itself beneficial for the body; in a few words, roughly describe the sensations during the upcoming sleep and indicate that he will hear the voice of the hypnotist through his drowsiness. It can be explained that we are talking about a state intermediate between sleep and wakefulness, a drowsy state, which usually occurs every day and does not last long, but which has to be extended. It must be added that amnesia is not necessarily caused, and with each subsequent session you will fall asleep deeper and faster. Psychotherapists sometimes use the method of transferring autogenic trance when conducting heterotraining into hypnotic sleep. It must be said that among patients there are people who are attracted to the “magical”, mysterious side of hypnosis, and they, in essence, prefer to do without explanations. This position should also be used by a hypnologist, using the principle of medicine “Do no harm!”

I.I. Boule in his book “Fundamentals of Psychotherapy” brought all methods of hypnotization into three groups. The first group includes methods of predominantly influencing the visual analyzer, the second - on the auditory, and the third - on the skin.

Methods of influencing the visual analyzer

The person being hypnotized is positioned in a horizontal position on a couch or sitting in a chair. The hypnotist sits next to him and holds a shiny object in front of his eyes, at a distance of about 10 cm.

In the animal world, cases of hypnosis when influencing the visual analyzer are observed outside of any experiment. There are known cases of immobilization, numbness of hares or other animals running across the road and being blinded by the headlights of cars moving along the highway. For example, when spiders detect strong light on their web, they fall into a state resembling catalepsy.

The literature describes many techniques for influencing the visual analyzer.

Brad's technique: the hypnotized person focuses his gaze on a shiny object for a long time (a metal ball on a stick, a neurological hammer, a key, etc.). The object being fixed should be at the level of the bridge of the nose of the person being hypnotized. Concentration of vision at one point and immobility of the gaze usually causes fatigue, and then sleep.

Philips's technique: a shiny metal disk is placed in front of the person being hypnotized on a table or held on his lap. This is the same fixation of gaze on an object, only in a slightly different form.

Lewis's technique: the hypnotized person fixes his gaze on a rapidly rotating mirror, which causes fatigue of the visual analyzer.

Leri's technique: fixation of the gaze on a red cross located on a gray background during verbal suggestion.

Bremot's technique: the patient, tilting his head slightly forward, looks into the eyes of the hypnotist or at a strong light source.

In all techniques, the hypnotized person is asked to look closely at the object and fix his gaze on it. after 5-7 minutes, the hypnotist in a quiet, monotonous voice begins to pronounce formulas of verbal suggestion: “Your eyelids are getting heavier. Your eyes get tired, they water, and begin to blink. You find it increasingly difficult to keep your eyes open. The eyelids are getting heavier and heavier. It's getting darker around you. The eyelids are heavy, heavy, as if filled with lead. Your eyelids are drooping and there is a slight fog in your head. It keeps growing, it keeps getting stronger. You feel drowsy. The eyelids close. You forget yourself, forget yourself into a pleasant slumber. You fall asleep, you fall asleep. Sleep!”

Usually, if the person being hypnotized is sufficiently suggestible, it takes a little more time to put him to sleep than it does to read this text. If the eyelids do not close by the end of pronouncing this text, then repeat the formula of suggestion. Using this method, a shiny object is first held just above the bridge of the hypnotized person’s nose; gradually, towards the end of the suggestion, the shiny object is slowly lowered so that the gaze of the hypnotized person, following the fixed point, involuntarily droops down. This will cause a feeling of heaviness in the eyelids and will reinforce the suggestion of heaviness of the eyelids. After the person being hypnotized closes it, you need to instill in him for some time a feeling of increasing drowsiness.

Some patients have great difficulty in being influenced by gaze, and in this case one cannot count on singing. If we carry out sexual differentiation, we can say that men are better influenced by the visual analyzer, and women - by the auditory one. These observations can be compared with the following statement: men love with their eyes, and women with their ears.

Many subjects cannot tolerate staring at all. This makes them feel excited or depressed. Other people have difficulty concentrating on objects, continuously observing themselves, and controlling themselves. With such features, success can be achieved if approximately the following suggestion formulas are used:

“Now I’m testing your attentiveness and how you can concentrate. To do this, you must fully agree with everything that I will say. Before doing this, adjust the rhythm of your breathing. Make it smooth and leisurely. Slow breathing calms the nervous system. Breathe calmly and evenly. Listen to me, listen carefully. Look closely at the shiny ball (shiny object). Concentrate your attention on one point. You will soon feel tired eyelids, you will not be able to keep your eyes open. Gradually your eyes will begin to get tired, your eyelids will become heavy. You stare at the shiny ball. No need to deceive me, look closely at one point. The eyes gradually become more and more tired, the eyelids become heavier and heavier. Vision weakens, becomes blurry and unclear, and the eyelids become irresistibly heavier, they already droop somewhat. They are sinking further and further.”

At this time, the shiny object is lowered lower and lower, this is reinforced by the suggestion: “The eyes are closing more and more. The eyelids are becoming heavier and heavier. You become tired, lethargic, drowsy. The eyelids are getting heavier and heavier. You feel tired throughout your body. Fatigue is increasing, your eyelids are getting heavier. Your eyes get tired, they water, and begin to blink. The eyelids are already getting heavy and blinking. You are no longer able to keep your eyes open, your eyelids droop. Now I put my hand on your forehead.”

With these words, you slowly place your hand on the forehead of the person being hypnotized: “You feel how calming this is, how pleasantly tiring. The eyelids became heavy, as if filled with lead. Your eyelids droop. You cannot keep your eyes open, you are in a state of complete deep peace, you breathe completely calmly, deeply and evenly. The eyes are closing more and more, more and more Now they are closing completely. The eyelids are closing. The eyelids are closing tightly, you are unable to lift them.”

At the same time, they gently, completely imperceptibly touch the eyelids with their fingers. If the eyes do not close, they offer the patient to close them and continue: “The eyes are closed, fatigue and drowsiness are more obvious, more noticeable and stronger. The eyelids are tightly closed, and you have no desire to open your eyes. The heavier your eyelids become, the more you will be overcome by a pleasant state, pleasant fatigue. Everything is quieter in the head, throughout the body. Breathing becomes slow and unhurried. When I run my hand over the spelt, you feel how tired you are, how your whole body becomes heavy.”

At these words, they run their hand over their forehead.

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Read online “Techniques of hypnosis and suggestion. Theory and practice of hypnotherapy"

Bul Pavel Ignatievich

"Technique of hypnosis and suggestion"

[theory and practice of hypnotherapy]

Dedicated to my wife and friend Lydia Goncharova

Preface

Over the past decade, interest in psychotherapy has increased significantly in our country. At international congresses in Moscow, Paris, Verona, Mainz, Bratislava, domestic psychotherapeutic science was presented quite thoroughly. Many theoretical issues of psychotherapy were further developed, research work expanded, and new methods of work were introduced into practice.

Departments of psychotherapy have been established in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kharkov. New interesting scientific publications have appeared devoted to problems of theoretical psychotherapy.

The Scientific Society of Hypnologists and Psychotherapists has been organized and successfully operates in St. Petersburg.

The journal “Bulletin of Psychotherapy” is published in Russian and English (the editor-in-chief of the journal is P.I. Boule).

However, there is still a certain underestimation of psychotherapy methods, which hinders the progress of this important branch of medical science. The cadre of psychotherapists is still small and cannot satisfy the ever-increasing demands for these specialists. Relatively little literature is published to help doctors master psychotherapeutic methods and hypnosis techniques.

If psychoneurological doctors have sufficiently acquired psychotherapeutic knowledge due to the specifics of their work, then among internists and doctors of other specialties it is clearly insufficient. There are also facts of iatrogeny and underestimation of the principles of deontology. There are frequent cases of excessive overload of therapeutic effects on the patient due to pharmacological agents without sufficient grounds. These negative aspects of work are all the more intolerable because our country is the birthplace of scientifically based psychotherapy; it is here that the physiological theory of the main methods of psychotherapy, which have received worldwide recognition, was created.

Huge material obtained by Russian physiologists and clinicians (I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, V.M. Bekhterev, N.E. Vvedensky, A.A. Ukhtomsky, S.P.

. Botkin, A.L. Myasnikov, N.F. Golubov, I.F. Lang, N.S. Molchanov, M.V. Chernorutsky, etc.) when studying the activity of the nervous system under normal conditions, allowed us to construct a number of modern theories of etiology and pathology and pathogenesis of some nervous and internal diseases, as well as indicate the paths along which their treatment should be directed.

In particular, the importance of disorders of higher nervous activity in the development of a number of diseases of internal organs, such as peptic ulcer and hypertension, bronchial asthma, not to mention functional disorders of the nervous system with disturbances in the functioning of internal organs, was shown.

On the other hand, research by domestic psychotherapists, primarily K. I. Platonov and his students, as well as V. P. Myasishchev and his colleagues, Yu. A. Povorinsky, V. E. Rozhnov, I...

Suggestion in a dream

How to suggest something to a person without having hypnosis skills? There is a simple and effective solution - suggestion in a dream!

As promised in the previous article, now I will tell you how to easily and simply inspire a person with what he needs, without having the skills of hypnotic influence.

Narrow-minded people may try to use this as a guide to implement dirty ideas. I hasten to reassure everyone else that this usually ends in nothing, because this kind of suggestion, even if it works, will not be durable. And sometimes they can cause a backlash.

Knowledgeable people know about this, so they don’t engage in nonsense , but get permission to make suggestions in a dream, and agree with the client on both the procedure and the text.

This is especially true if you make such a suggestion to your child. You don’t want him to be scared if he suddenly wakes up during your experiments, right?

So, I warned you about safety precautions , now the experience itself!

In order to suggest something to a person in a dream, you need to do the following:

1. identify problems that need to be solved using suggestion;
2. write the text of the suggestion;
3. check this text for environmental friendliness;
4. agree on the procedure with the client;
5. wait for the right moment and make a suggestion;
6. interview the client in the morning;
7. repeat the suggestion as many times as necessary until the result is achieved.

I’ll explain with an example: For example, your child has a delay in English. Both he and you understand that it is difficult for him to remember and reproduce words in a foreign language.

Then:

1) The task is to improve the memorization of words in English; 2) The text of the suggestion can be like this:

Now you are sleeping deeply, soundly. You are having a pleasant, relaxing dream. And in this dream you hear my voice. I tell you: You love English! You experience real pleasure and pleasure when you think, speak, write and read in English, when you listen and freely understand someone else's speech. For you, thinking, speaking, writing and reading in English, listening and understanding English speech is as easy and natural as thinking, speaking, writing and reading in Russian, listening and understanding Russian speech!

Each text of suggestion is selected according to the situation, based on personal characteristics and tasks. You can end the suggestion like this:

“You remembered all the instructions that I told you in a dream. Your subconscious will do everything possible so that you can assimilate these settings as efficiently as possible, at a speed convenient for you, using all the hidden reserves of your memory! And now, while you continue to sleep soundly, your subconscious helps you to internalize these attitudes just as firmly, and removes everything that prevents you from learning English easily and freely.

You must understand that this is just a fragment of a real installation that can be done in a dream.

3) By checking for environmental friendliness we mean a simple procedure. Write the text of the suggestion, then put it aside for 15-30 minutes. Then return to the text and read. If the text does not cause you internal discomfort, and the idea of ​​suggestion is clear and simple, then it can be used.

4) In our example, it is worth agreeing on the procedure of suggestion and the text itself with the child. Tell him: what, how and when you are going to do, what results can be obtained from such suggestion, how useful and productive it can be.

Of course, the child’s consent is required for all these experiments!

5) Suggestion during sleep is most effective during the rapid phase of sleep. It can be identified by rapid eye movement under closed eyelids. This means that the sleeper is dreaming.

This phase occurs for everyone at its own time (about 40 minutes after a person falls asleep) and at the beginning of sleep it is short (about five minutes). Therefore, you will have to watch the sleeping person.

Just sit nearby (on a chair, but not on the bed!) and watch the eyes of the sleeping person. During the observation, you, being in twilight and concentrating your attention on the eyes of the sleeping person, will immerse yourself in the state that is necessary for successful suggestion.

Therefore, as many people advise, there is no need to do anything additional! Neither “substring” nor “leading”, which NLPists and Eriksonists love so much, are needed. You will already be in the right state by the beginning of the session on your own, without any extra effort!

I remind you that the suggestion should not be long - no more than five minutes, because the initial phases of REM sleep are quite short.

Suggest in a quiet but firm voice . Do not whisper or pronounce the name of the sleeping person! The likelihood that a person will wake up hearing his name is very high.

6) In the morning, immediately after waking up, interview the child. Ask how he slept. What dreams did he have and what did he remember? Don't be upset if he doesn't remember your suggestion. Your goal is different - to activate the internal reserves of his psyche. The main thing is that he does not experience any discomfort from the suggestion.

7) In order for suggestion to be effective, its formulas must be changed from time to time. In this example, I would make five suggestions in a row with one wording, then five with another. A total of ten suggestions every other night. With the right approach, this is quite enough to get visible, tangible results.

If you have any questions , ask either on or in the comments.

Try it, experiment! You will succeed!

And in the next article I will tell you how to learn a foreign language using hypnosis, yes, yes! This is not lies, not science fiction, and not a scam for suckers! It exists and it works! Tested by my clients!